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Q85 (IAS/2016) Geography › Indian Economic Geography › Energy and power projects Official Key

Recently, linking of which of the following rivers was undertaken?

Result
Your answer:  ·  Correct: B
Explanation

The interlinking of the Krishna and the Godavari rivers took place in Andhra Pradesh, with Chief Minister N Chandrababu Naidu releasing the water of the Godavari into the Krishna at Ibrahimpatnam village.[1] This was achieved through the Pattiseema lift irrigation project, worth Rs 1,400 crore, which was responsible for ensuring the diversion of Godavari's water into the Krishna and was completed before its scheduled completion[2] date of early 2016.

The other options mentioned are either in draft or planning stages. For the Godavari-Cauvery link, only a draft[3] DPR (Detailed Project Report) exists. Similarly, for the Par-Tapi-Narmada link, the DPR was sent to Central Water Commission for technical appraisal[4], indicating these projects were not actually undertaken by 2016. The Godavari-Krishna link is therefore the only river interlinking project that was actually completed and operationalized around the question's timeframe.

Sources
  1. [1] https://www.downtoearth.org.in/water/andhra-pradesh-chief-minister-links-krishna-godavari-rivers-51132
  2. [2] https://www.downtoearth.org.in/water/andhra-pradesh-chief-minister-links-krishna-godavari-rivers-51132
  3. [3] https://www.downtoearth.org.in/water/scheme-to-interlink-rivers-on-fast-track-govt-tells-parliament-67872
  4. [4] https://www.downtoearth.org.in/water/scheme-to-interlink-rivers-on-fast-track-govt-tells-parliament-67872
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Q. Recently, linking of which of the following rivers was undertaken? [A] Cauvery and Tungabhadra [B] Godavari and Krishna [C] Mahanadi a…
At a glance
Origin: Mostly Current Affairs Fairness: Low / Borderline fairness Books / CA: 0/10 · 7.5/10

This is a classic 'Current Affairs applied to Static Geography' question. While standard books list 30+ *proposed* links under the National Water Grid, the question demanded knowledge of the *first actual execution* (Pattiseema Project, AP) reported widely in 2015-16. Static knowledge alone would leave you guessing among plausible options.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
Was the linking of the Cauvery and Tungabhadra rivers undertaken recently (circa 2016)?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 3: The Drainage System of India > NATIONAL WATER GRID > p. 41
Strength: 5/5
“The government expects to spend a massive `5,60,000 crore on various river interlinking. But there are interstate water disputes and ecological problems which may come in the way of interlinking of rivers (The Hindu August 9, 2016 p. 13). The National River Linking Project (NRLP) aims at linking the Indian rivers through a network of reservoirs and canals. It aims at reducing persistent floods in the eastern India and the water shortages in the southern and the western India. It aims to link 37 rivers and will have 30 links and 3000 storage dams. The NRLP has two components namely Himalayan component and Peninsular component.”
Why relevant

Discusses the National River Linking Project, government spending and a 2016 newspaper reference about interlinking plans and challenges.

How to extend

A student could check whether specific links involving Cauvery–Tungabhadra are listed under NRLP proposals and whether any implementation milestones were reported around 2016.

INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 3: Drainage System > Teachers may explain the following examples > p. 25
Strength: 4/5
“Have you read in the newspapers about the linking of rivers? Do you think that digging a canal is enough to transfer water from the Ganga basin to the Peninsular river? What is the major problem? Consult Chapter 2 of this book and find out the difficulties posed by the unevenness of the terrain. How can the water be lifted from the plain area to the plateau area? Is there sufficient surplus water in the north Indian rivers which can be transferred on a regular basis? Organise a debate on the whole issue and prepare a write up.”
Why relevant

Notes public discussion in NCERT about 'linking of rivers' and highlights technical difficulties (terrain, lifting water) for transferring water from northern rivers to peninsular rivers.

How to extend

Use this to infer that any peninsular inter-basin link (including Cauvery–Tungabhadra) faces engineering/terrain hurdles; check project feasibility/status reports for 2016.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 3: The Drainage System of India > 1. The Ganga-Kaveri Link Canal > p. 42
Strength: 4/5
“The Ganga-Kaveri Link Canal is thus, a multi-purpose project of immense size. If completed, the country will no longer have to depend so much on monsoon, the vagaries of which are well known. The scheme proposes to draw 1700 cumecs (60,000 cusecs) of water from the Ganga, constructing a barrage near Patna, and lift its water by large pumps to a point near the boundary of the basins of Ganga and the Narmada from where it will be possible to distribute the water by gravity via dug-up canals or through existing rivers to the west or south. The flood waters of the Narmada (flowing into the Arabian Sea) and the Godavari (flowing into the Bay of Bengal) could also be used profitably by a separate water grid.”
Why relevant

Describes a major planned inter-basin scheme (Ganga–Kaveri Link) that would route water to southern basins via barrages, lifts and canals—an example of large, multi-decade linking projects.

How to extend

Compare the scale and timeline of the Ganga–Kaveri proposal with any Cauvery–Tungabhadra linkage claims to judge whether a recent (2016) completion is plausible.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 3: The Drainage System of India > 2. The Brahmaputra-Ganga Link Canal > p. 43
Strength: 3/5
“The 'Brahmaputra-Ganga Link Canal' Project involves the construction of a diversion barrage at Dhubri (Lower Assam), and a 320 km long feeder canal linking the Dhubri Barrage to the Farakka Barrage. A portion of this feeder canal will lie in Bangladesh for which an interenational agreement between India and Bangladesh has to be signed. This canal will provide irrigatioin water to Bangladesh also. The canal may augment the flow of water in the Padma River (Ganga in Bangladesh) during the lean months of the year. Besides, the link canal would provide cheap inland navigation facility to both the countries. Due to lack of concurrence from Bangladesh and involvement of huge financial expenditure, the scheme has not yet been started.”
Why relevant

Shows another example (Brahmaputra–Ganga link) where international/financial and political issues prevented start of works despite proposals.

How to extend

Use this pattern (proposals delayed by diplomacy/finance) to assess whether a smaller peninsular link would likely have been completed by 2016 or still be pending.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 8: Energy Resources > Table 8.9 > p. 23
Strength: 3/5
“Tungbhadra Project: Tungbhadra is a right hand tributary of the Krishna river which originates from the Western Ghats (Sahayadri Hills) of the Chikmagalur district of Karnataka. The Tungbhadra Dam has been constructed at Mallapuram near Hosepet in the Bellary district. Three power houses have been constructed in this project to generate 126 MW of electricity. The Tungbhadra canals irrigate more than 4 lakh hectares of arable land.• 26. Ukai Dam: Ukai is a tributary of the Tapi river. The Ukai project was launched mainly to harness the Tapi water. The installed capacity of the Ukai project is 300 MW. Its electricity is supplied to Surat and other neighbouring urban centres.”
Why relevant

Gives factual location/role of the Tungabhadra (a Krishna tributary) and existence of an established Tungabhadra dam and canals—context on existing infrastructure that could matter for linking works.

How to extend

A student could map the Tungabhadra’s known infrastructure and the Cauvery basin to see whether a new interlink canal would be short/complex and therefore likely or unlikely to have been executed by 2016.

Statement 2
Was the linking of the Godavari and Krishna rivers undertaken recently (circa 2016)?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"The Pattiseema lift irrigation project, worth Rs 1,400 crore ... was scheduled for completion in early 2016, but was completed before schedule."
Why this source?
  • States that the Pattiseema lift irrigation project (which diverts Godavari water into Krishna) was scheduled for completion in early 2016.
  • Says the project was completed before schedule and enabled diversion of around 80 TMCs of Godavari water into the Krishna.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"The interlinking of the Krishna and the Godavari rivers took place in Andhra Pradesh today. Chief Minister N Chandrababu Naidu released the water of the Godavari into the Krishna at Ibrahimpatnam village..."
Why this source?
  • Reports that the interlinking of the Krishna and Godavari rivers 'took place' with the Chief Minister releasing Godavari water into the Krishna.
  • Describes the inauguration and immediate diversion of Godavari water into Krishna, indicating the link became operational.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 3: The Drainage System of India > NATIONAL WATER GRID > p. 41
Strength: 5/5
“The major donor river basins are-The Brahmaputra, Mahanadi and Godavari. Few important components of the National Water Grid are as follows: • 1. The Ganga-Kaveri Link Canal passing through the basins of Son, Narmada, Tapi, Godavari, Krishna, Penner, and Kaveri.• 2. The Brahmaputra-Ganga Link Canal passing through Bangladesh.• 3. The Narmada Canal passing through Gujarat and Rajasthan.• 4. The Canal from Chambal to Central Rajasthan.”
Why relevant

Describes the 'National Water Grid' concept and lists a Ganga-Kaveri Link Canal that would pass through basins including Godavari and Krishna, showing that inter-basin link proposals explicitly involve Godavari–Krishna corridors.

How to extend

A student could check project timelines, government releases, or maps of the National Water Grid to see whether any constructed link between Godavari and Krishna was completed around 2016.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 3: The Drainage System of India > 1. The Ganga-Kaveri Link Canal > p. 42
Strength: 4/5
“The Ganga-Kaveri Link Canal is thus, a multi-purpose project of immense size. If completed, the country will no longer have to depend so much on monsoon, the vagaries of which are well known. The scheme proposes to draw 1700 cumecs (60,000 cusecs) of water from the Ganga, constructing a barrage near Patna, and lift its water by large pumps to a point near the boundary of the basins of Ganga and the Narmada from where it will be possible to distribute the water by gravity via dug-up canals or through existing rivers to the west or south. The flood waters of the Narmada (flowing into the Arabian Sea) and the Godavari (flowing into the Bay of Bengal) could also be used profitably by a separate water grid.”
Why relevant

Explains the Ganga-Kaveri Link Canal concept and mentions that flood waters of Godavari could be used via a water grid, implying planning-level ideas to transfer Godavari waters into southern basins (which include Krishna).

How to extend

Compare the conceptual canal route and lifting/distribution scheme with administrative project approvals and construction status circa 2016 to judge whether an actual Godavari–Krishna link existed then.

INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: Water Resources > Surface Water Resources > p. 42
Strength: 3/5
“Given that precipitation is relatively high in the catchment areas of the Ganga, the Brahmaputra and the Barak rivers, these rivers, although account for only about one-third of the total area in the country, have 60 per cent of the total surface water resources. Much of the annual water flow in south Indian rivers like the Godavari, the Krishna, and the Kaveri has been harnessed, but it is yet to be done in the Brahmaputra and the Ganga basins.”
Why relevant

States that much of the annual flow in south Indian rivers like the Godavari and Krishna has been harnessed, indicating existing major river infrastructure that would affect feasibility and need for linking projects.

How to extend

Use knowledge of existing reservoirs/dams (names, locations) and check whether new interlinking works were added around 2016 connecting those harnessed systems.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 3: The Drainage System of India > THE INTER-STATE WATER DISPUTES > p. 38
Strength: 4/5
“The issue of water-sharing should be left in the hands of the technical experts. Other major inter-state river disputes: 1. Ravi and Beas Rivers Water Dispute between Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan. 2. Narmada River Water Dispute: Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Rajasthan. 3. Krishna River Water Dispute: Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka. 4. Godavari River Water Dispute: Maharashtra, Telengana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh. 5. Periyar River Water Dispute: Tamil Nadu and Kerala.”
Why relevant

Lists inter-state water disputes for both Krishna and Godavari, showing strong political/technical sensitivities that typically accompany large inter-basin link projects.

How to extend

Investigate whether any formal dispute settlements, agreements, or court orders around 2016 referenced new inter-basin link construction between these rivers.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 3: The Drainage System of India > 1.1 Consequent Rivers > p. 1
Strength: 3/5
“The rivers which follow the general direction of slope are known as the consequent rivers. Most of the rivers of peninsular India are consequent rivers. For example, rivers like Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri, descending from the Western Ghats and flowing into the Bay of Bengal, are some of the consequent rivers of Peninsular India (Fig. 3.1).”
Why relevant

Defines Godavari and Krishna as consequent east‑flowing peninsular rivers draining to the Bay of Bengal, implying geographic alignment that makes canal or link proposals between them conceptually plausible.

How to extend

Overlay river-course maps and basin boundaries to see where physical proximity could allow a link and then check project records for work done circa 2016 in those locations.

Statement 3
Was the linking of the Mahanadi and Sone rivers undertaken recently (circa 2016)?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 4/5
"The southern development project (Phase I) would consist of four main parts. First, the Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri rivers"
Why this source?
  • Identifies Mahanadi as part of the proposed southern/interlinking component (planning stage), not an executed link.
  • Shows Mahanadi is one of several rivers listed for linkage under the project, implying it is part of long-term proposals rather than a recent completed work.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"Chunar-Sone Barrage link | Ganga & Sone | Bihar & Uttar Pradesh | Draft FR completed"
Why this source?
  • Lists Sone-related links (Chunar-Sone Barrage; Sone Dam – Southern Tributaries) with statuses like 'Draft FR completed' and 'PFR completed', indicating planning/study stages.
  • Does not show an executed Mahanadi–Sone linkage around 2016; Sone links appear in preparatory/document stages.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"set the deadline of 2016 for its completion."
Why this source?
  • Notes a court-ordered deadline of 2016 for completion of the broader interlinking project but states the task was 'a non-starter'.
  • Supports the view that the large interlinking programme had not been implemented by 2016, undermining the claim that a Mahanadi–Sone link was undertaken then.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 3: The Drainage System of India > NATIONAL WATER GRID > p. 41
Strength: 4/5
“The major donor river basins are-The Brahmaputra, Mahanadi and Godavari. Few important components of the National Water Grid are as follows: • 1. The Ganga-Kaveri Link Canal passing through the basins of Son, Narmada, Tapi, Godavari, Krishna, Penner, and Kaveri.• 2. The Brahmaputra-Ganga Link Canal passing through Bangladesh.• 3. The Narmada Canal passing through Gujarat and Rajasthan.• 4. The Canal from Chambal to Central Rajasthan.”
Why relevant

Lists major components of a proposed National Water Grid and shows the Son (Sone) basin appears in Ganga-Kaveri link plans, indicating Son is considered in inter-basin linking schemes.

How to extend

A student could check spatially whether Son and Mahanadi basins are part of the same national linking proposals and then look up project timelines/news to see if a Son–Mahanadi link was actually built around 2016.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 3: The Drainage System of India > 4. The Chambal Link Canal > p. 43
Strength: 4/5
“A canal of about 500 km connecting the Chambal River with the Indira Gandhi Canal has also been proposed. The canal would provide water to the central parts of Rajasthan. It will involve a lift of 200 to 250 m. Moreover, Chambal-Parbati, Betwa-Ken, Ghagra-Yamuna, Gandak-Ganga, Mechi-Kosi-Ganga, Par-Tapi-Narmada, Mahanadi-Godavari are also under consideration (Fig. 3.11).”
Why relevant

Explicitly lists proposed inter-basin links under consideration, including a set of links and mentions Mahanadi-Godavari as being under consideration — showing Mahanadi was a candidate for linking projects, though not Sone specifically.

How to extend

Use this pattern (Mahanadi being in proposed links) plus a map to see whether a Mahanadi–Sone connection was considered, then search policy documents/news for execution dates near 2016.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 3: The Drainage System of India > 1. The Ganga-Kaveri Link Canal > p. 42
Strength: 4/5
“The Ganga-Kaveri Link Canal is thus, a multi-purpose project of immense size. If completed, the country will no longer have to depend so much on monsoon, the vagaries of which are well known. The scheme proposes to draw 1700 cumecs (60,000 cusecs) of water from the Ganga, constructing a barrage near Patna, and lift its water by large pumps to a point near the boundary of the basins of Ganga and the Narmada from where it will be possible to distribute the water by gravity via dug-up canals or through existing rivers to the west or south. The flood waters of the Narmada (flowing into the Arabian Sea) and the Godavari (flowing into the Bay of Bengal) could also be used profitably by a separate water grid.”
Why relevant

Describes how large river-link schemes (Ganga–Kaveri) would draw and distribute water, including lifting and transferring between basins — gives the technical/administrative model used for major links.

How to extend

Apply this model to test plausibility: check if a Mahanadi–Sone link would require similar barrages/lifts and whether such infrastructure was completed around 2016 in official records or media.

INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 3: Drainage System > Teachers may explain the following examples > p. 25
Strength: 3/5
“Have you read in the newspapers about the linking of rivers? Do you think that digging a canal is enough to transfer water from the Ganga basin to the Peninsular river? What is the major problem? Consult Chapter 2 of this book and find out the difficulties posed by the unevenness of the terrain. How can the water be lifted from the plain area to the plateau area? Is there sufficient surplus water in the north Indian rivers which can be transferred on a regular basis? Organise a debate on the whole issue and prepare a write up.”
Why relevant

Raises practical issues (terrain, lifting water, sufficient surplus) that are central to whether digging a canal is enough — useful for assessing feasibility and likely timing of any new inter-basin link.

How to extend

Combine terrain and surplus-water considerations with a topographic map between Mahanadi and Sone to judge whether a link would be technically simple (and thus more likely to be completed recently) or difficult (less likely).

INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 3: Drainage System > River Systems of the Peninsular Drainage > p. 23
Strength: 3/5
“There are a large number of river systems in the Peninsular drainage. A brief account of the major Peninsular river systems is given below: The Mahanadi rises near Sihawa in Raipur district of Chhattisgarh and runs through Odisha to discharge its water into the Bay of Bengal. It is 851 km long and its catchment area spreads over 1.42 lakh sq. km. Some navigation is carried on in the lower course of this river. Fifty three per cent of the drainage basin of this river lies in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, while 47 per cent lies in Odisha. The Godavari is the largest Peninsular river system.”
Why relevant

Gives the geographic course, basin area and states covered by the Mahanadi, enabling identification of where linking works would need to start or end.

How to extend

Use these basin boundaries with a map showing the Sone basin to assess the geographic separation and therefore how ambitious a link would be and whether such a project plausibly could have been completed by 2016.

Statement 4
Was the linking of the Narmada and Tapti rivers undertaken recently (circa 2016)?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 3/5
"Similarly, for the Par-Tapi-Narmada link, the DPR was sent to Central Water Commission (CWC) for technical appraisal."
Why this source?
  • Specifically names the Par-Tapi-Narmada link and describes it as being at the DPR (detailed project report) stage, sent for technical appraisal.
  • Being at DPR appraisal implies planning stage rather than completed or operational around 2016.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"The court ordered the government to speed up implementation of the project and set the deadline of 2016 for its completion."
Why this source?
  • Notes a court-set deadline of 2016 for completion of the overall river-interlinking project but describes the task as a non-starter.
  • This indicates the broader interlinking effort was not completed by 2016, undermining the claim that Narmada–Tapti linking was undertaken then.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 3: The Drainage System of India > Tapi River > p. 20
Strength: 5/5
“Having a length of 700 km and a basin area of 66,900 sq km, the river Tapi rises from the Satpura Range and flows westward almost parallel to Satpura. At Khandwa-Burhanpur Gap, the Narmada and Tapi come close to each other. Below Jalgaon, the river, like the Narmada, flows in a rift valley but in a much constricted form between the Satpura Range to the north and the Ajanta Range to the south. Below the city of Surat, it makes an estuary and merges into the Gulf of Khambat.”
Why relevant

States a geographic fact: at the Khandwa–Burhanpur gap the Narmada and Tapi come close to each other, indicating physical proximity that makes a link technically plausible.

How to extend

A student could check a map (or coordinates) of that gap to judge the shortness/feasibility of any inter-basin canal and whether a recent project would need major long-distance works.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 3: The Drainage System of India > NATIONAL WATER GRID > p. 41
Strength: 4/5
“The major donor river basins are-The Brahmaputra, Mahanadi and Godavari. Few important components of the National Water Grid are as follows: • 1. The Ganga-Kaveri Link Canal passing through the basins of Son, Narmada, Tapi, Godavari, Krishna, Penner, and Kaveri.• 2. The Brahmaputra-Ganga Link Canal passing through Bangladesh.• 3. The Narmada Canal passing through Gujarat and Rajasthan.• 4. The Canal from Chambal to Central Rajasthan.”
Why relevant

Describes the National Water Grid concept and explicitly lists that the Ganga–Kaveri Link Canal passes through the basins of Son, Narmada, Tapi, etc., showing linking these basins has been a formal proposal.

How to extend

Compare the long-standing proposal status in this source with timelines of actual construction (news/government records) to see if a new link specifically between Narmada and Tapi was executed around 2016.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 3: The Drainage System of India > 1. The Ganga-Kaveri Link Canal > p. 42
Strength: 4/5
“The Ganga-Kaveri Link Canal is thus, a multi-purpose project of immense size. If completed, the country will no longer have to depend so much on monsoon, the vagaries of which are well known. The scheme proposes to draw 1700 cumecs (60,000 cusecs) of water from the Ganga, constructing a barrage near Patna, and lift its water by large pumps to a point near the boundary of the basins of Ganga and the Narmada from where it will be possible to distribute the water by gravity via dug-up canals or through existing rivers to the west or south. The flood waters of the Narmada (flowing into the Arabian Sea) and the Godavari (flowing into the Bay of Bengal) could also be used profitably by a separate water grid.”
Why relevant

Explains the Ganga–Kaveri Link Canal scheme would distribute water via existing rivers and canals, and mentions using flood waters of the Narmada and Godavari—an example of planned inter-basin transfers involving Narmada/Tapi.

How to extend

Use the scheme's described routing to infer whether any segment linking Narmada–Tapi would be a new standalone project or part of a larger, previously proposed national plan.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 3: The Drainage System of India > 3. The Narmada Link Canal to Gujarat and Rajasthan > p. 43
Strength: 3/5
“Under the Sardar Sarovar Project, there is a proposal to build a terminal storage dam across the Narmada River near Navagam, and a diversion canal linking the place to regions of Kutch (Gujarat) and western Rajasthan. This link canal will be of immense help to the drought prone areas of Gujarat and western Rajasthan.”
Why relevant

Mentions a specific Sardar Sarovar proposal: a diversion canal from Narmada to Kutch and western Rajasthan—an example of concrete inter-basin/diversion works already envisaged for Narmada.

How to extend

A student could look up implementation status and dates of Sardar Sarovar-related diversion works to assess whether linking activity in 2016 would be unprecedented or part of an earlier program.

INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 3: Drainage System > Important Drainage Patterns > p. 19
Strength: 3/5
“If you look at the Figure 3.1 you can see that many rivers have their sources in the Himalayas and discharge their waters either in the Bay of Bengal or in the Arabian Sea. Identify these rivers of North India. Large rivers flowing on the Peninsular plateau have their origin in the Western Ghats and discharge their waters in the Bay of Bengal. Identify these rivers of the South India. The Narmada and Tapi are two large rivers which are exceptions. They along with many small rivers discharge their waters in the Arabian Sea. Name these rivers of the western coastal region from the Konkan to the Malabar coast.”
Why relevant

Notes that Narmada and Tapi are both west‑flowing rivers and exceptions to the general east‑flowing peninsular pattern—context on drainage direction helpful when reasoning about linking across watersheds.

How to extend

Combine with a watershed map to see required elevation changes/engineering (e.g., whether gravity flow is possible) and therefore how likely a recent, simple link would be.

Pattern takeaway: UPSC prioritizes 'Firsts' and 'Operational Milestones' in infrastructure. A project moving from 'Paper' (Proposed) to 'Ground' (Undertaken) is the strongest signal for a Prelims question.
How you should have studied
  1. [THE VERDICT]: Current Affairs Sitter. Source: The Hindu/Indian Express (2015-16 coverage of Pattiseema Lift Irrigation Project inauguration).
  2. [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: The National River Linking Project (NRLP) – specifically the transition from 'DPR stage' to 'Implementation stage'.
  3. [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize the status of key links: Ken-Betwa (First National Project, involves Panna Tiger Reserve), Par-Tapi-Narmada (Tribal displacement issues), Damanganga-Pinjal (Mumbai water supply), and Polavaram (National Project status). Know the difference between the Himalayan vs. Peninsular components.
  4. [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Do not treat the 'River Linking' chapter as purely static. UPSC tracks the *lifecycle* of these mega-projects. If a Chief Minister inaugurates a canal connecting two major basins (Godavari-Krishna), it instantly supersedes the 30-year-old static lists in textbooks.
Concept hooks from this question
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 National River Linking Project (NRLP) & 2016 policy attention
💡 The insight

The references discuss large-scale river interlinking proposals and note government spending and media coverage around 2016.

NRLP is a recurring UPSC topic linking water resources, environment, and federal policy. Questions often probe objectives, scale, costs, interstate disputes, and implementation challenges. Master via syllabus sources, government reports, and critiques to answer prelims fact-based and mains analytical questions.

📚 Reading List :
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 3: The Drainage System of India > NATIONAL WATER GRID > p. 41
🔗 Anchor: "Was the linking of the Cauvery and Tungabhadra rivers undertaken recently (circa..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Ganga–Kaveri (Kaveri/Cauvery) Link Canal — inter-basin transfer concept
💡 The insight

One source describes the proposed Ganga–Kaveri link canal, illustrating the design and mechanics of transferring water between basins (relevant to any Cauvery link proposals).

Understanding specific link proposals (objectives, technical design like barrages and lifts, commanded discharge) helps answer map/diagram, prelims factual, and mains policy questions about feasibility and alternatives. Study by comparing major proposed links and their engineering components.

📚 Reading List :
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 3: The Drainage System of India > 1. The Ganga-Kaveri Link Canal > p. 42
🔗 Anchor: "Was the linking of the Cauvery and Tungabhadra rivers undertaken recently (circa..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Technical constraints of river linking: terrain and lifting water
💡 The insight

A reference explicitly raises the problems of uneven terrain and lifting water when transferring from northern plains to peninsular rivers.

Frequently tested in mains essays and environment questions—knowing physical constraints (altitude differences, energy for lifts, water availability) enables balanced evaluation of river linking. Prep strategy: combine physical geography concepts with case examples and cost–benefit analysis.

📚 Reading List :
  • INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 3: Drainage System > Teachers may explain the following examples > p. 25
🔗 Anchor: "Was the linking of the Cauvery and Tungabhadra rivers undertaken recently (circa..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 National Water Grid / River Interlinking schemes
💡 The insight

References describe the National Water Grid and the Ganga–Kaveri link canal that traverse basins including Godavari and Krishna, linking the theme of river interlinking to these rivers.

High-yield for UPSC geography and polity questions about large-scale water infrastructure and policy; links to water resource management, federal coordination, and project planning. Master by studying scheme components, rationale, and basin linkages to answer questions on benefits, challenges, and institutional issues.

📚 Reading List :
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 3: The Drainage System of India > NATIONAL WATER GRID > p. 41
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 3: The Drainage System of India > 1. The Ganga-Kaveri Link Canal > p. 42
🔗 Anchor: "Was the linking of the Godavari and Krishna rivers undertaken recently (circa 20..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Physical characteristics of peninsular east‑flowing rivers (Godavari & Krishna)
💡 The insight

Multiple references give origin, course, tributaries and basin extents of the Godavari and Krishna—basic facts needed to evaluate feasibility and implications of any inter-basin link.

Frequently tested in physical geography: knowing river origins, tributaries, basin areas and flow directions helps answer questions on drainage, irrigation potential, and infrastructure siting. Prepare by memorising key facts and mapping basins to visualise link feasibility.

📚 Reading List :
  • INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 3: Drainage System > River Systems of the Peninsular Drainage > p. 24
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 3: The Drainage System of India > The Krishna > p. 21
  • CONTEMPORARY INDIA-I ,Geography, Class IX . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 3: Drainage > The Godavari Basin > p. 21
🔗 Anchor: "Was the linking of the Godavari and Krishna rivers undertaken recently (circa 20..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Inter‑state water disputes and water harnessing
💡 The insight

References list states involved in disputes over Godavari and Krishna and note the extent to which southern rivers' flows have been harnessed—relevant to political, legal and management constraints on linking projects.

Important for UPSC mains and interview: connects physical water resources to federal/state disputes, allocation law, and project opposition. Study landmark disputes, affected states, and how harnessing alters project viability and negotiations.

📚 Reading List :
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 3: The Drainage System of India > THE INTER-STATE WATER DISPUTES > p. 38
  • INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: Water Resources > Surface Water Resources > p. 42
🔗 Anchor: "Was the linking of the Godavari and Krishna rivers undertaken recently (circa 20..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S3
👉 National Water Grid / River-linking proposals
💡 The insight

Several references list proposed inter-basin links (national water grid) and show Mahanadi appearing among considered donor/recipient basins.

High-yield for UPSC: river-linking is a recurrent polity-environment-development topic. Understand the scope of the National Water Grid, which rivers are proposed as donors/receivers, and the difference between proposals and implemented projects. This helps answer questions on water policy, interstate water disputes and infrastructure planning. Study official project lists and note proposal vs execution status.

📚 Reading List :
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 3: The Drainage System of India > NATIONAL WATER GRID > p. 41
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 3: The Drainage System of India > 4. The Chambal Link Canal > p. 43
  • INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 3: Drainage System > Teachers may explain the following examples > p. 25
🔗 Anchor: "Was the linking of the Mahanadi and Sone rivers undertaken recently (circa 2016)..."
🌑 The Hidden Trap

Since Godavari-Krishna was asked as a state-led success, the next logical target is the 'Ken-Betwa Link', which is the first project under the Central National Perspective Plan. Crucial detail: It submerges part of the Panna Tiger Reserve.

⚡ Elimination Cheat Code

Use Topographic Logic. Godavari and Krishna form a coalescing delta region in Andhra Pradesh—geographically, they are neighbors on flat coastal terrain, making a link technically easier and cheaper. Mahanadi and Sone are separated by the rugged Maikal/Amarkantak ranges. Narmada and Tapti flow in parallel rift valleys; linking them requires crossing the Satpura range (massive lift required).

🔗 Mains Connection

Mains GS-2 (Polity): Link this to 'Cooperative Federalism' and Article 262 (Inter-state water disputes). The Godavari-Krishna link was possible because both deltas lie within one state (Andhra Pradesh), bypassing the interstate friction that stalls projects like Cauvery-Vellar.

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SIMILAR QUESTIONS

IAS · 2006 · Q8 Relevance score: 4.07

Recently, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh Governments signed a Memorandum of Undertaking for the linking of two rivers as a link project. Which are these two rivers?

IAS · 1996 · Q19 Relevance score: 2.73

Which one of the following rivers thrice forks into two streams and reunites a few miles farther on, thus forming the islands of Srirangappattanam, Sivasamudram and Srirangam ?

CAPF · 2018 · Q54 Relevance score: 2.54

Which one of the following rivers is west- flowing?

NDA-I · 2009 · Q38 Relevance score: 1.08

Shirosha, Hemavati, Arkavati are the tributaries of which one of the following rivers?

CDS-II · 2010 · Q66 Relevance score: 0.47

Which of the following three rivers of the peninsula India have the Amarkantak region as their source ?