Question map
Recently, linking of which of the following rivers was undertaken?
Explanation
The interlinking of the Krishna and the Godavari rivers took place in Andhra Pradesh, with Chief Minister N Chandrababu Naidu releasing the water of the Godavari into the Krishna at Ibrahimpatnam village.[1] This was achieved through the Pattiseema lift irrigation project, worth Rs 1,400 crore, which was responsible for ensuring the diversion of Godavari's water into the Krishna and was completed before its scheduled completion[2] date of early 2016.
The other options mentioned are either in draft or planning stages. For the Godavari-Cauvery link, only a draft[3] DPR (Detailed Project Report) exists. Similarly, for the Par-Tapi-Narmada link, the DPR was sent to Central Water Commission for technical appraisal[4], indicating these projects were not actually undertaken by 2016. The Godavari-Krishna link is therefore the only river interlinking project that was actually completed and operationalized around the question's timeframe.
Sources- [1] https://www.downtoearth.org.in/water/andhra-pradesh-chief-minister-links-krishna-godavari-rivers-51132
- [2] https://www.downtoearth.org.in/water/andhra-pradesh-chief-minister-links-krishna-godavari-rivers-51132
- [3] https://www.downtoearth.org.in/water/scheme-to-interlink-rivers-on-fast-track-govt-tells-parliament-67872
- [4] https://www.downtoearth.org.in/water/scheme-to-interlink-rivers-on-fast-track-govt-tells-parliament-67872
PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
Full viewThis is a classic 'Current Affairs applied to Static Geography' question. While standard books list 30+ *proposed* links under the National Water Grid, the question demanded knowledge of the *first actual execution* (Pattiseema Project, AP) reported widely in 2015-16. Static knowledge alone would leave you guessing among plausible options.
This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.
- Statement 1: Was the linking of the Cauvery and Tungabhadra rivers undertaken recently (circa 2016)?
- Statement 2: Was the linking of the Godavari and Krishna rivers undertaken recently (circa 2016)?
- Statement 3: Was the linking of the Mahanadi and Sone rivers undertaken recently (circa 2016)?
- Statement 4: Was the linking of the Narmada and Tapti rivers undertaken recently (circa 2016)?
Discusses the National River Linking Project, government spending and a 2016 newspaper reference about interlinking plans and challenges.
A student could check whether specific links involving Cauvery–Tungabhadra are listed under NRLP proposals and whether any implementation milestones were reported around 2016.
Notes public discussion in NCERT about 'linking of rivers' and highlights technical difficulties (terrain, lifting water) for transferring water from northern rivers to peninsular rivers.
Use this to infer that any peninsular inter-basin link (including Cauvery–Tungabhadra) faces engineering/terrain hurdles; check project feasibility/status reports for 2016.
Describes a major planned inter-basin scheme (Ganga–Kaveri Link) that would route water to southern basins via barrages, lifts and canals—an example of large, multi-decade linking projects.
Compare the scale and timeline of the Ganga–Kaveri proposal with any Cauvery–Tungabhadra linkage claims to judge whether a recent (2016) completion is plausible.
Shows another example (Brahmaputra–Ganga link) where international/financial and political issues prevented start of works despite proposals.
Use this pattern (proposals delayed by diplomacy/finance) to assess whether a smaller peninsular link would likely have been completed by 2016 or still be pending.
Gives factual location/role of the Tungabhadra (a Krishna tributary) and existence of an established Tungabhadra dam and canals—context on existing infrastructure that could matter for linking works.
A student could map the Tungabhadra’s known infrastructure and the Cauvery basin to see whether a new interlink canal would be short/complex and therefore likely or unlikely to have been executed by 2016.
- States that the Pattiseema lift irrigation project (which diverts Godavari water into Krishna) was scheduled for completion in early 2016.
- Says the project was completed before schedule and enabled diversion of around 80 TMCs of Godavari water into the Krishna.
- Reports that the interlinking of the Krishna and Godavari rivers 'took place' with the Chief Minister releasing Godavari water into the Krishna.
- Describes the inauguration and immediate diversion of Godavari water into Krishna, indicating the link became operational.
Describes the 'National Water Grid' concept and lists a Ganga-Kaveri Link Canal that would pass through basins including Godavari and Krishna, showing that inter-basin link proposals explicitly involve Godavari–Krishna corridors.
A student could check project timelines, government releases, or maps of the National Water Grid to see whether any constructed link between Godavari and Krishna was completed around 2016.
Explains the Ganga-Kaveri Link Canal concept and mentions that flood waters of Godavari could be used via a water grid, implying planning-level ideas to transfer Godavari waters into southern basins (which include Krishna).
Compare the conceptual canal route and lifting/distribution scheme with administrative project approvals and construction status circa 2016 to judge whether an actual Godavari–Krishna link existed then.
States that much of the annual flow in south Indian rivers like the Godavari and Krishna has been harnessed, indicating existing major river infrastructure that would affect feasibility and need for linking projects.
Use knowledge of existing reservoirs/dams (names, locations) and check whether new interlinking works were added around 2016 connecting those harnessed systems.
Lists inter-state water disputes for both Krishna and Godavari, showing strong political/technical sensitivities that typically accompany large inter-basin link projects.
Investigate whether any formal dispute settlements, agreements, or court orders around 2016 referenced new inter-basin link construction between these rivers.
Defines Godavari and Krishna as consequent east‑flowing peninsular rivers draining to the Bay of Bengal, implying geographic alignment that makes canal or link proposals between them conceptually plausible.
Overlay river-course maps and basin boundaries to see where physical proximity could allow a link and then check project records for work done circa 2016 in those locations.
- Identifies Mahanadi as part of the proposed southern/interlinking component (planning stage), not an executed link.
- Shows Mahanadi is one of several rivers listed for linkage under the project, implying it is part of long-term proposals rather than a recent completed work.
- Lists Sone-related links (Chunar-Sone Barrage; Sone Dam – Southern Tributaries) with statuses like 'Draft FR completed' and 'PFR completed', indicating planning/study stages.
- Does not show an executed Mahanadi–Sone linkage around 2016; Sone links appear in preparatory/document stages.
- Notes a court-ordered deadline of 2016 for completion of the broader interlinking project but states the task was 'a non-starter'.
- Supports the view that the large interlinking programme had not been implemented by 2016, undermining the claim that a Mahanadi–Sone link was undertaken then.
Lists major components of a proposed National Water Grid and shows the Son (Sone) basin appears in Ganga-Kaveri link plans, indicating Son is considered in inter-basin linking schemes.
A student could check spatially whether Son and Mahanadi basins are part of the same national linking proposals and then look up project timelines/news to see if a Son–Mahanadi link was actually built around 2016.
Explicitly lists proposed inter-basin links under consideration, including a set of links and mentions Mahanadi-Godavari as being under consideration — showing Mahanadi was a candidate for linking projects, though not Sone specifically.
Use this pattern (Mahanadi being in proposed links) plus a map to see whether a Mahanadi–Sone connection was considered, then search policy documents/news for execution dates near 2016.
Describes how large river-link schemes (Ganga–Kaveri) would draw and distribute water, including lifting and transferring between basins — gives the technical/administrative model used for major links.
Apply this model to test plausibility: check if a Mahanadi–Sone link would require similar barrages/lifts and whether such infrastructure was completed around 2016 in official records or media.
Raises practical issues (terrain, lifting water, sufficient surplus) that are central to whether digging a canal is enough — useful for assessing feasibility and likely timing of any new inter-basin link.
Combine terrain and surplus-water considerations with a topographic map between Mahanadi and Sone to judge whether a link would be technically simple (and thus more likely to be completed recently) or difficult (less likely).
Gives the geographic course, basin area and states covered by the Mahanadi, enabling identification of where linking works would need to start or end.
Use these basin boundaries with a map showing the Sone basin to assess the geographic separation and therefore how ambitious a link would be and whether such a project plausibly could have been completed by 2016.
- Specifically names the Par-Tapi-Narmada link and describes it as being at the DPR (detailed project report) stage, sent for technical appraisal.
- Being at DPR appraisal implies planning stage rather than completed or operational around 2016.
- Notes a court-set deadline of 2016 for completion of the overall river-interlinking project but describes the task as a non-starter.
- This indicates the broader interlinking effort was not completed by 2016, undermining the claim that Narmada–Tapti linking was undertaken then.
States a geographic fact: at the Khandwa–Burhanpur gap the Narmada and Tapi come close to each other, indicating physical proximity that makes a link technically plausible.
A student could check a map (or coordinates) of that gap to judge the shortness/feasibility of any inter-basin canal and whether a recent project would need major long-distance works.
Describes the National Water Grid concept and explicitly lists that the Ganga–Kaveri Link Canal passes through the basins of Son, Narmada, Tapi, etc., showing linking these basins has been a formal proposal.
Compare the long-standing proposal status in this source with timelines of actual construction (news/government records) to see if a new link specifically between Narmada and Tapi was executed around 2016.
Explains the Ganga–Kaveri Link Canal scheme would distribute water via existing rivers and canals, and mentions using flood waters of the Narmada and Godavari—an example of planned inter-basin transfers involving Narmada/Tapi.
Use the scheme's described routing to infer whether any segment linking Narmada–Tapi would be a new standalone project or part of a larger, previously proposed national plan.
Mentions a specific Sardar Sarovar proposal: a diversion canal from Narmada to Kutch and western Rajasthan—an example of concrete inter-basin/diversion works already envisaged for Narmada.
A student could look up implementation status and dates of Sardar Sarovar-related diversion works to assess whether linking activity in 2016 would be unprecedented or part of an earlier program.
Notes that Narmada and Tapi are both west‑flowing rivers and exceptions to the general east‑flowing peninsular pattern—context on drainage direction helpful when reasoning about linking across watersheds.
Combine with a watershed map to see required elevation changes/engineering (e.g., whether gravity flow is possible) and therefore how likely a recent, simple link would be.
- [THE VERDICT]: Current Affairs Sitter. Source: The Hindu/Indian Express (2015-16 coverage of Pattiseema Lift Irrigation Project inauguration).
- [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: The National River Linking Project (NRLP) – specifically the transition from 'DPR stage' to 'Implementation stage'.
- [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize the status of key links: Ken-Betwa (First National Project, involves Panna Tiger Reserve), Par-Tapi-Narmada (Tribal displacement issues), Damanganga-Pinjal (Mumbai water supply), and Polavaram (National Project status). Know the difference between the Himalayan vs. Peninsular components.
- [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Do not treat the 'River Linking' chapter as purely static. UPSC tracks the *lifecycle* of these mega-projects. If a Chief Minister inaugurates a canal connecting two major basins (Godavari-Krishna), it instantly supersedes the 30-year-old static lists in textbooks.
The references discuss large-scale river interlinking proposals and note government spending and media coverage around 2016.
NRLP is a recurring UPSC topic linking water resources, environment, and federal policy. Questions often probe objectives, scale, costs, interstate disputes, and implementation challenges. Master via syllabus sources, government reports, and critiques to answer prelims fact-based and mains analytical questions.
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 3: The Drainage System of India > NATIONAL WATER GRID > p. 41
One source describes the proposed Ganga–Kaveri link canal, illustrating the design and mechanics of transferring water between basins (relevant to any Cauvery link proposals).
Understanding specific link proposals (objectives, technical design like barrages and lifts, commanded discharge) helps answer map/diagram, prelims factual, and mains policy questions about feasibility and alternatives. Study by comparing major proposed links and their engineering components.
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 3: The Drainage System of India > 1. The Ganga-Kaveri Link Canal > p. 42
A reference explicitly raises the problems of uneven terrain and lifting water when transferring from northern plains to peninsular rivers.
Frequently tested in mains essays and environment questions—knowing physical constraints (altitude differences, energy for lifts, water availability) enables balanced evaluation of river linking. Prep strategy: combine physical geography concepts with case examples and cost–benefit analysis.
- INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 3: Drainage System > Teachers may explain the following examples > p. 25
References describe the National Water Grid and the Ganga–Kaveri link canal that traverse basins including Godavari and Krishna, linking the theme of river interlinking to these rivers.
High-yield for UPSC geography and polity questions about large-scale water infrastructure and policy; links to water resource management, federal coordination, and project planning. Master by studying scheme components, rationale, and basin linkages to answer questions on benefits, challenges, and institutional issues.
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 3: The Drainage System of India > NATIONAL WATER GRID > p. 41
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 3: The Drainage System of India > 1. The Ganga-Kaveri Link Canal > p. 42
Multiple references give origin, course, tributaries and basin extents of the Godavari and Krishna—basic facts needed to evaluate feasibility and implications of any inter-basin link.
Frequently tested in physical geography: knowing river origins, tributaries, basin areas and flow directions helps answer questions on drainage, irrigation potential, and infrastructure siting. Prepare by memorising key facts and mapping basins to visualise link feasibility.
- INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 3: Drainage System > River Systems of the Peninsular Drainage > p. 24
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 3: The Drainage System of India > The Krishna > p. 21
- CONTEMPORARY INDIA-I ,Geography, Class IX . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 3: Drainage > The Godavari Basin > p. 21
References list states involved in disputes over Godavari and Krishna and note the extent to which southern rivers' flows have been harnessed—relevant to political, legal and management constraints on linking projects.
Important for UPSC mains and interview: connects physical water resources to federal/state disputes, allocation law, and project opposition. Study landmark disputes, affected states, and how harnessing alters project viability and negotiations.
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 3: The Drainage System of India > THE INTER-STATE WATER DISPUTES > p. 38
- INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: Water Resources > Surface Water Resources > p. 42
Several references list proposed inter-basin links (national water grid) and show Mahanadi appearing among considered donor/recipient basins.
High-yield for UPSC: river-linking is a recurrent polity-environment-development topic. Understand the scope of the National Water Grid, which rivers are proposed as donors/receivers, and the difference between proposals and implemented projects. This helps answer questions on water policy, interstate water disputes and infrastructure planning. Study official project lists and note proposal vs execution status.
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 3: The Drainage System of India > NATIONAL WATER GRID > p. 41
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 3: The Drainage System of India > 4. The Chambal Link Canal > p. 43
- INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 3: Drainage System > Teachers may explain the following examples > p. 25
Since Godavari-Krishna was asked as a state-led success, the next logical target is the 'Ken-Betwa Link', which is the first project under the Central National Perspective Plan. Crucial detail: It submerges part of the Panna Tiger Reserve.
Use Topographic Logic. Godavari and Krishna form a coalescing delta region in Andhra Pradesh—geographically, they are neighbors on flat coastal terrain, making a link technically easier and cheaper. Mahanadi and Sone are separated by the rugged Maikal/Amarkantak ranges. Narmada and Tapti flow in parallel rift valleys; linking them requires crossing the Satpura range (massive lift required).
Mains GS-2 (Polity): Link this to 'Cooperative Federalism' and Article 262 (Inter-state water disputes). The Godavari-Krishna link was possible because both deltas lie within one state (Andhra Pradesh), bypassing the interstate friction that stalls projects like Cauvery-Vellar.