How is the National Green Tribunal (NGT) different from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) ? 1. The NGT has been established by an Act whereas the CPCB has been created by an executive order of the Government. 2. The NGT provides environmental justice and helps reduce the burden of litigation in the higher courts whereas the CPCB promotes cleanliness of streams and wells, and aims to improve the quality of air in the country. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

Evidence contrasts NGT (established by Act) with CPCB (created by executive order), highlighting different legal bases for institutions.

High-yield for polity: UPSC often tests whether a body is statutory or executive (implications for permanence, powers, and judicial review). Links to questions on institutional design and accountability. Learn by mapping bodies (e.g., tribunals, boards, commissions) to their founding instrument.

References discuss tribunals' establishment rules under Articles 323A/323B, which frame Parliament/state roles in setting up adjudicatory bodies like the NGT.

Important for mains and prelims: distinguishes which authorities can legislate tribunals and the constitutional constraints (jurisdictional exclusions, judicial review issues). Helps answer questions on tribunal legitimacy, legislative competence, and administrative justice.

Evidence cites the Act's Preamble and notes the NGT's jurisdiction for environmental protection and relief.

Directly relevant for environment and polity overlap: understand the statutory mandate and original jurisdiction of NGT for answering questions on environmental adjudication, implementation, and policy impacts. Useful for case-based questions on environmental governance.

Reference [1] directly contrasts an institution set up by an Act (NGT) with one 'created by an executive order' (CPCB), highlighting the legal/constitutional difference.

High-yield for UPSC: many questions ask whether an institution is created by statute or executive action and the implications for legal status, powers, and judicial review. Mastering this helps answer governance, constitutional law and polity questions and link to topics like delegated legislation and autonomy of institutions.

Reference [3] places CPCB under the MoEF&CC and reference [7] shows the ministry issuing notifications that assign duties to CPCB.

Important for UPSC candidates to map how regulatory bodies function within executive structures — affects questions on implementation, accountability, and centre–state interactions (e.g., SPCBs). Useful for governance and environment polity questions; learn by linking institutional charts with functions and source of authority.

Reference [6] notes the Act empowers the Central Government to take measures; reference [7] gives an example (Fly Ash Notification) where MoEF&CC used that power and assigned roles to CPCB.

Covers how primary environmental legislation enables subordinate/executive action — a recurring UPSC theme on delegated legislation, statutory instruments and implementation. Mastery helps answer questions on legal basis of environmental rules, administrative procedure, and interplay between Acts and notifications.

The Act's Preamble (reference 2) frames the NGT to dispose of environmental cases quickly and to provide relief and compensation, which is central to whether it provides environmental justice.

High-yield for UPSC since questions ask about institutional roles and mandate; links to constitutional rights (right to life/environment) and implementation mechanisms. Master by studying the enabling Act's objectives and comparing mandate vs. outcomes. Enables answering questions on institutional design, mandate efficacy, and law-policy interaction.