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Q20 (IAS/2020) Environment & Ecology › Pollution & Conservation › Sustainable agriculture practices Official Key

In the context of India, which of the following is/are considered to be practice(s) of eco-friendly agriculture ? 1. Crop diversification 2. Legume intensification 3. Tensiometer use 4. Vertical farming Select the correct answer using the code given below :

Result
Your answer: —  ·  Correct: A
Explanation

The correct answer is Option 1 (1, 2, and 3 only). These practices are widely recognized as sustainable and eco-friendly in the Indian agricultural context.

  • Crop Diversification: Enhances soil fertility, reduces pest pressure, and breaks pathogen cycles, minimizing reliance on chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
  • Legume Intensification: Legumes fix atmospheric nitrogen through root nodules, naturally enriching the soil and reducing the need for synthetic nitrogenous fertilizers.
  • Tensiometer Use: This device measures soil moisture tension, allowing farmers to irrigate only when necessary. It significantly reduces water wastage and prevents over-irrigation.
  • Vertical Farming: While technologically advanced, it is primarily an urban, high-energy, industrial method rather than a standard "practice of eco-friendly agriculture" in India’s traditional or rural landscape. It often involves high carbon footprints for climate control and artificial lighting.

Therefore, while 1, 2, and 3 are established ecological practices for sustainable field agriculture, 4 is generally excluded from this specific category in the UPSC context.

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Don’t just practise – reverse-engineer the question. This panel shows where this PYQ came from (books / web), how the examiner broke it into hidden statements, and which nearby micro-concepts you were supposed to learn from it. Treat it like an autopsy of the question: what might have triggered it, which exact lines in the book matter, and what linked ideas you should carry forward to future questions.
Q. In the context of India, which of the following is/are considered to be practice(s) of eco-friendly agriculture ? 1. Crop diversificatio…
At a glance
Origin: Mixed / unclear origin Fairness: Moderate fairness Books / CA: 7.5/10 · 0/10

This question rewards 'Anchor Logic' over encyclopedic knowledge. While 'Tensiometer' is a technical term, statements 1, 2, and 4 are standard NCERT/Current Affairs concepts. If you identify these common practices correctly, the options force you to accept the technical one without needing to define it.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
Is crop diversification considered a practice of eco-friendly agriculture in India?
Origin: Direct from books Fairness: Straightforward Book-answerable
From standard books
Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 6: Environmental Degradation and Management > viii) Crop Diversification > p. 20
Presence: 5/5
“(viii) Crop Diversification Tis practice is often like crop rotation in that it helps to maintain soil fertility. While annually harvested crops are grown they can be altered in the feld. Crop diversifcation is better than monoculture. In monoculture (one crop, like rice only year after year) exhaust the soil nutrients, thereby making soil more vulnerable to soil erosion. Crop diversifcation is a good practice to check the soil erosion.”
Why this source?
  • Directly describes crop diversification as similar to crop rotation and as helping to maintain soil fertility.
  • States diversification is better than monoculture and helps check soil erosion, linking it to ecological benefits.
Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 10: Agriculture - Part I > Issues with MSP: > p. 307
Presence: 4/5
“This will resolve the problem in terms of diversification of crops, environment, soil degradation problem and water problem will also get resolved.] [What are the subsidies given to agriculture sector in India? Answer: Farmers in India are provided support on both the input and output side of agriculture. On the input side, an average Indian farmer receives subsidies on fertilisers, seeds, farm machinery and equipment, electricity etc. On the output side, MSP and logistics subsidies are offered. However, small and marginal farmers are able to get only a small amount of these subsidies.]”
Why this source?
  • Explicitly links crop diversification to resolving environmental problems, soil degradation, and water issues.
  • Frames diversification as a measure with clear environmental benefits for Indian agriculture.
Science ,Class VIII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 12: How Nature Works in Harmony > 12.9.2 How do healthy ecosystems serve our farms? > p. 205
Presence: 3/5
“Farming, a major livelihood in India, can become unsustainable if not managed well by applying environment friendly farming practices. Humans have been practising farming for thousands of years to grow food. As the population grew, our dependence on agriculture increased. Between 1950 and 1965, India faced a food crisis due to low crop production. In the mid-20th century, the use of tractors, machines, synthetic fertilisers, and pesticides helped increase food production. This period is known as the Green Revolution. However, these farming methods are now considered unsustainable because of the overuse of synthetic chemicals, excessive groundwater extraction, and growing only one type of crop for commercial gain.”
Why this source?
  • Identifies monoculture and overuse of synthetic inputs as unsustainable farming practices.
  • By rejecting monoculture, it implies that alternative practices (such as diversification) are environment-friendly.
Statement 2
Is legume intensification considered a practice of eco-friendly agriculture in India?
Origin: Direct from books Fairness: Straightforward Book-answerable
From standard books
INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 3: Land Resources and Agriculture > Pulses > p. 28
Presence: 5/5
“Pulses are a very important ingredient of vegetarian food as these are rich sources of proteins. These are legume crops which increase the natural fertility of soils through nitrogen fixation. India is a leading producer of pulses in the world. The cultivation of pulses in the country is largely concentrated in the drylands of Deccan and central plateaus and northwestern parts of the country. Pulses occupy about 11 per cent of the total cropped area in the country. Being the rainfed crops of drylands, the yields of pulses are low and fluctuate from year to year. Gram and tur are the main pulses cultivated in India.”
Why this source?
  • Identifies pulses as legume crops that increase natural soil fertility via biological nitrogen fixation.
  • Implies legumes reduce reliance on synthetic nitrogen fertilisers by improving soil N status.
Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 11: Agriculture - Part II > Advantages of Organic farming/products: > p. 347
Presence: 3/5
“Organic farming is inherent farming technique in India. Since ancient times, best practices of farming include methods such as crop rotation and natural compost which boosts crop health and increases soil fertility. With rise in use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides, crop quality as well as soil fertility has reduced a great deal. Organic farming has the potential to reverse these changes. Following are the various benefits of organic products from consumption point of view: • Increased Nutrition content in food: Organic farming practice ensures that nutrition and fertility of soil is maintained. This results in better nutrition retention, in the form of minerals and vitamins in the food grown as well.• Free from Poisonous content: Since organic farming discourages use of chemical products such as pesticides and fertilizers, toxic content absorbed by crop is also very less.”
Why this source?
  • Lists crop rotation and traditional organic techniques as core to organic farming and soil fertility maintenance.
  • Supports the idea that incorporating legumes (common rotation crop) aligns with eco-friendly/organic practices.
Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and National Parks > Agro-Forestry > p. 35
Presence: 3/5
“plants and animals simultaneously and applies management practices that are compatible with cultural patterns of local population. Agro-forestry is a type of social forestry in which individual farmer undertakes tree-farming and grows fodder plants, grasses and legumes on his own land. In agro-forestry, trees (forest) are considered as a crop and they (trees) become a part of crop combinations. There is an increasing number of farmers who plant trees either along the boundaries or in the whole field/farm as a crop (Fig. 5.4). In fact, in the Northern Plains of India, trees are planted by most of the farmers irrespective of the size of their holdings, but the large farmers and absentee landlords put part of their holdings or total agriculture area under tree crops.”
Why this source?
  • Describes agro-forestry as including legumes in crop combinations and on-farm management.
  • Shows legumes are used in integrated land-use systems that are compatible with sustainable farming.
Statement 3
Is tensiometer use considered a practice of eco-friendly agriculture in India?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > 2020 > p. 358
Strength: 5/5
“• 1. Crop diversification • 2. Legume intensification • 3. Tensiometer use • 4. Vertical farming Select the correct answer using the code given below: • (b) 3 only • (a) 1, 2 and 3 only • (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 • (c) 4 only”
Why relevant

This source explicitly lists 'Tensiometer use' alongside known eco-friendly practices (crop diversification, legume intensification, vertical farming) in a question about eco-friendly agriculture.

How to extend

A student could treat this as an authorial cue and check answer keys or other texts to see whether tensiometers are grouped with eco-friendly measures in Indian exam sources.

INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: Water Resources > Demand of Water for Irrigation > p. 42
Strength: 4/5
“In agriculture, water is mainly used for irrigation. Irrigation is needed because of spatio-temporal variability in rainfall in the country. The large tracts of the country are deficient in rainfall and are drought prone. North-western India and Deccan plateau constitute such areas. Winter and summer seasons are more or less dry in most part of the country. Hence, it is difficult to practise agriculture without assured”
Why relevant

Discusses the need for judicious use of irrigation water due to spatial and temporal rainfall variability in India.

How to extend

Knowing tensiometers measure soil moisture, a student can infer they help optimise irrigation and thus could be classed as a water‑saving eco-friendly practice.

Science ,Class VIII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 12: How Nature Works in Harmony > 12.9.2 How do healthy ecosystems serve our farms? > p. 205
Strength: 4/5
“Farming, a major livelihood in India, can become unsustainable if not managed well by applying environment friendly farming practices. Humans have been practising farming for thousands of years to grow food. As the population grew, our dependence on agriculture increased. Between 1950 and 1965, India faced a food crisis due to low crop production. In the mid-20th century, the use of tractors, machines, synthetic fertilisers, and pesticides helped increase food production. This period is known as the Green Revolution. However, these farming methods are now considered unsustainable because of the overuse of synthetic chemicals, excessive groundwater extraction, and growing only one type of crop for commercial gain.”
Why relevant

Defines 'environment friendly farming practices' as those that avoid excessive groundwater extraction and overuse of chemicals—the problems eco-friendly methods seek to correct.

How to extend

Since tensiometers enable irrigation scheduling that can reduce groundwater extraction, one could reasonably test whether they fit this eco-friendly objective.

Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 11: Agriculture - Part II > Advantages of Organic farming/products: > p. 347
Strength: 3/5
“Organic farming is inherent farming technique in India. Since ancient times, best practices of farming include methods such as crop rotation and natural compost which boosts crop health and increases soil fertility. With rise in use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides, crop quality as well as soil fertility has reduced a great deal. Organic farming has the potential to reverse these changes. Following are the various benefits of organic products from consumption point of view: • Increased Nutrition content in food: Organic farming practice ensures that nutrition and fertility of soil is maintained. This results in better nutrition retention, in the form of minerals and vitamins in the food grown as well.• Free from Poisonous content: Since organic farming discourages use of chemical products such as pesticides and fertilizers, toxic content absorbed by crop is also very less.”
Why relevant

Describes organic/conservation practices (crop rotation, natural compost) as methods that maintain soil fertility and reduce chemical inputs.

How to extend

A student could contrast tensiometer use (a technology for water management) with these practices to judge whether technology-based water management is considered part of eco-friendly frameworks in India.

Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > 2019 > p. 359
Strength: 3/5
“With reference to the circumstances in Indian agriculture, the concept of 'Conservation Agriculture' assumes significance. Which of the following falls under the Conservation Agriculture? • 1. Avoiding the monoculture practices • 2. Adopting minimum tillage • 3. Avoiding the cultivation of plantation crops • 4. Using crop residues to cover soil surface • 5. Adopting spatial and temporal crop sequencing/crop rotations Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1, 3 and 4 only (b) 2, 3, 4 and 5 only (c) 2, 4 and 5 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only 16. With reference to the Genetically Modified mustard (GM mustard) developed in India, consider the following statements: 1.”
Why relevant

Presents the concept of 'Conservation Agriculture' and lists its components (minimum tillage, crop residues, crop sequencing), illustrating the types of practices typically categorised as conservation/eco-friendly.

How to extend

By comparing tensiometer use to listed conservation measures, a student can evaluate whether moisture-monitoring fits conventional definitions of eco-friendly agriculture.

Statement 4
Is vertical farming considered a practice of eco-friendly agriculture in India?
Origin: Direct from books Fairness: Straightforward Book-answerable
From standard books
Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > VERTICAL FARMING > p. 310
Presence: 5/5
“In vertical farming, crops are grown indoors, under artificial conditions of light and temperature. It aims at higher productivity in smaller spaces. It uses soil-less methods such as hydroponics, aquaponics and aeroponics. Vertical farming uses significantly less water and pesticides than traditional agricultural methods.”
Why this source?
  • Describes vertical farming as indoor, high‑productivity in smaller spaces with controlled light and temperature.
  • Identifies soil‑less techniques (hydroponics, aquaponics, aeroponics) that avoid traditional land use.
  • Explicitly states vertical farming uses significantly less water and pesticides than traditional methods.
Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 10: Locational Factors of Economic Activities > Salient Features > p. 21
Presence: 3/5
“Sustainable agriculture has to prevent land degradation and soil erosion. It has to be replenish nutrients and control weeds, pests and diseases through biological and cultural methods. Sustainable agriculture is also known as enforcing organic farming or natural farming or permaculture. It is known as eco-farming as ecological balance is given importance. It is also called organic farming as organic matter is the main source of nutrient management. But some scientists consider that it is a misconception to think that sustainable agriculture is farming without chemical inputs. It is considered by some as integrated, low input and highly productive farming system.”
Why this source?
  • Defines sustainable/eco‑farming as preventing land degradation and using biological/cultural pest control methods.
  • Emphasises ecological balance and nutrient management as core to eco‑friendly agriculture.
  • Allows for integrated, low‑input yet productive systems, a category compatible with vertical farming's characteristics.
Science ,Class VIII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 12: How Nature Works in Harmony > 12.9.2 How do healthy ecosystems serve our farms? > p. 205
Presence: 2/5
“Farming, a major livelihood in India, can become unsustainable if not managed well by applying environment friendly farming practices. Humans have been practising farming for thousands of years to grow food. As the population grew, our dependence on agriculture increased. Between 1950 and 1965, India faced a food crisis due to low crop production. In the mid-20th century, the use of tractors, machines, synthetic fertilisers, and pesticides helped increase food production. This period is known as the Green Revolution. However, these farming methods are now considered unsustainable because of the overuse of synthetic chemicals, excessive groundwater extraction, and growing only one type of crop for commercial gain.”
Why this source?
  • Frames the need for environment‑friendly farming practices in India due to harms of high chemical use and groundwater extraction.
  • Positions traditional Green Revolution methods as unsustainable, implying value in alternative practices that reduce chemical and water use.
Pattern takeaway: UPSC mixes 'Grandmother's wisdom' (Legumes/Diversification) with 'Modern Tech' (Vertical Farming/Tensiometer). The pattern is Sustainable Intensification: any method that reduces water/chemical use or increases soil health is generally correct.
How you should have studied
  1. [THE VERDICT]: Sitter via Elimination. Statements 1, 2, and 4 are covered in basic NCERTs (Class VIII/XII) and standard texts (Singhania/Majid Hussain). Option D is the only one containing all three knowns.
  2. [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: Sustainable Agriculture & Resource Use Efficiency. The syllabus shift from Green Revolution (input-intensive) to Climate-Smart Agriculture.
  3. [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize these specific eco-practices: System of Rice Intensification (SRI), Zero Tillage, Mulching, Biochar application, Leaf Colour Charts (for Nitrogen), Laser Land Leveling, Trap Crops, and Permaculture.
  4. [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: When you see a list of positive technologies, identify the 'Undeniables' (here, Legumes and Vertical Farming). Check if an option exists that groups them. Do not panic over the 'Alien' term (Tensiometer); the examiner often hides the answer key in the combination of the easy statements.
Concept hooks from this question
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Crop diversification and soil fertility
💡 The insight

Crop diversification maintains soil fertility and reduces erosion, making it an environmentally beneficial farming practice.

High-yield for UPSC questions on sustainable agriculture and soil management; links to topics like soil health, conservation agriculture, and crop rotation. Mastery helps answer questions on agrarian sustainability, policy measures, and ecological benefits of cropping choices.

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 6: Environmental Degradation and Management > viii) Crop Diversification > p. 20
  • Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > 2017 > p. 363
🔗 Anchor: "Is crop diversification considered a practice of eco-friendly agriculture in Ind..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Monoculture vs diversification
💡 The insight

Monoculture is described as unsustainable, while diversification is presented as a preferable alternative for ecological stability.

Important for essays and mains answers contrasting Green Revolution practices with sustainable farming; connects to pesticide/fertiliser use, groundwater issues, and agricultural reforms. Enables argumentation in policy and environment questions.

📚 Reading List :
  • Science ,Class VIII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 12: How Nature Works in Harmony > 12.9.2 How do healthy ecosystems serve our farms? > p. 205
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 6: Environmental Degradation and Management > viii) Crop Diversification > p. 20
🔗 Anchor: "Is crop diversification considered a practice of eco-friendly agriculture in Ind..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Diversification as environmental and resource conservation
💡 The insight

Diversification is linked to resolving soil degradation, water problems, and broader environmental issues in agriculture.

Useful for questions on integrated farming systems, conservation agriculture, and climate-resilient agriculture; helps build answers on resource-use efficiency and ecological benefits of cropping pattern changes.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 10: Agriculture - Part I > Issues with MSP: > p. 307
  • Science ,Class VIII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 12: How Nature Works in Harmony > 12.9.2 How do healthy ecosystems serve our farms? > p. 205
🔗 Anchor: "Is crop diversification considered a practice of eco-friendly agriculture in Ind..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Legumes & Biological Nitrogen Fixation
💡 The insight

Legumes fix atmospheric nitrogen and improve soil fertility, reducing the need for synthetic fertilisers.

High-yield concept for questions on sustainable agriculture and soil management; links soil fertility, input reduction, and crop choices. Mastery helps answer questions on eco-friendly practices, fertilizer policy, and productivity with low chemical inputs.

📚 Reading List :
  • INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 3: Land Resources and Agriculture > Pulses > p. 28
🔗 Anchor: "Is legume intensification considered a practice of eco-friendly agriculture in I..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Crop Rotation as an Organic/Conservation Practice
💡 The insight

Crop rotation is a core organic/conservation practice that maintains fertility and pest balance without heavy chemicals.

Crucial for questions on organic farming, conservation agriculture and state-level organic initiatives; connects to soil health schemes, sustainable intensification, and cropping patterns. Useful for analytical answers on reducing chemical dependency and improving resilience.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 11: Agriculture - Part II > Advantages of Organic farming/products: > p. 347
  • Science ,Class VIII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 12: How Nature Works in Harmony > 12.9.2 How do healthy ecosystems serve our farms? > p. 205
🔗 Anchor: "Is legume intensification considered a practice of eco-friendly agriculture in I..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Agroforestry & Integrated Crop Combinations
💡 The insight

Agroforestry systems include legumes and mixed cropping, integrating trees with legumes/fodder to sustain productivity.

Important for questions on land-use diversification, sustainability and livelihoods; links forestry, agriculture, and rural economy topics. Enables answers on landscape-level eco-friendly practices and multifunctional farming systems.

📚 Reading List :
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and National Parks > Agro-Forestry > p. 35
🔗 Anchor: "Is legume intensification considered a practice of eco-friendly agriculture in I..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S3
👉 Conservation and organic farming practices
💡 The insight

Conservation and organic practices such as crop rotation, use of natural compost, and avoidance of excessive chemical inputs are central elements of eco-friendly agriculture.

High-yield for UPSC: questions often test sustainable agriculture, policy responses, and soil-health measures. Mastering this links to topics on agricultural policy, food security, and environmental degradation, and helps answer MCQs and mains questions on sustainable farming strategies.

📚 Reading List :
  • Science ,Class VIII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 12: How Nature Works in Harmony > 12.9.2 How do healthy ecosystems serve our farms? > p. 205
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 11: Agriculture - Part II > Advantages of Organic farming/products: > p. 347
  • Exploring Society:India and Beyond ,Social Science, Class VIII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 1: Natural Resources and Their Use > Restoration and regeneration of renewable resources > p. 12
🔗 Anchor: "Is tensiometer use considered a practice of eco-friendly agriculture in India?"
🌑 The Hidden Trap

Leaf Colour Chart (LCC). Just as Tensiometers optimize water, LCCs optimize Nitrogen (Urea) use. Also, look out for 'Pheromone Traps' (reduce pesticide use) and 'Laser Land Leveling' (water conservation) in future options.

⚡ Elimination Cheat Code

The 'Positive Cluster' Rule. In Environment/Agri-tech questions, if multiple distinct methods all aim at the same positive goal (sustainability) and aren't mutually exclusive, the answer is almost always 'All of the above'. If you accept Vertical Farming (high-tech) and Legumes (traditional), you must accept Tensiometer (mid-tech) as they all serve the 'Eco-friendly' mandate.

🔗 Mains Connection

Mains GS3 (Irrigation & Technology). Tensiometers represent 'Precision Irrigation.' Link this to PM Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (Per Drop More Crop) and the target of improving Water Use Efficiency (WUE), which is currently low (~38%) in India.

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