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Q2 (IAS/2020) Geography › Indian Economic Geography › Mineral resource distribution Official Key

Consider the following minerals : 1. Bentonite 2. Chromite 3. Kyanite 4. Sillimanite In India, which of the above' is/are officially designated as major minerals ?

Result
Your answer: —  Ā·  Correct: D
Explanation

The correct answer is Option 4 (2, 3 and 4 only). This classification is based on the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957, which categorizes minerals into 'Minor' and 'Major'.

  • Bentonite (1): In 2015, the Government of India notified 31 minerals, including Bentonite, as minor minerals. This shift transferred the administrative and rule-making powers regarding these minerals to the respective State Governments.
  • Chromite (2), Kyanite (3), and Sillimanite (4): These remain classified as major minerals. Chromite is a critical strategic mineral used in stainless steel production. Kyanite and Sillimanite are high-alumina refractory minerals essential for industrial furnaces.

Since Bentonite is a minor mineral and the others are major minerals, Option 4 is the only correct choice. Understanding this distinction is vital as major minerals are governed by Central Government regulations, whereas minor minerals fall under State jurisdiction.

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Don’t just practise – reverse-engineer the question. This panel shows where this PYQ came from (books / web), how the examiner broke it into hidden statements, and which nearby micro-concepts you were supposed to learn from it. Treat it like an autopsy of the question: what might have triggered it, which exact lines in the book matter, and what linked ideas you should carry forward to future questions.
Q. Consider the following minerals : 1. Bentonite 2. Chromite 3. Kyanite 4. Sillimanite In India, which of the above' is/are officially desi…
At a glance
Origin: Mostly Current Affairs Fairness: Low / Borderline fairness Books / CA: 0/10 Ā· 10/10
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This is a 'Wolf in Sheep's Clothing' question. It looks like static Geography (Mineral Resources), but it is actually a Policy/Legal question based on the MMDR Act notifications. Standard geography books list occurrence, not legal status. The key was knowing the 2015 Government notification that shifted 31 minerals (including Bentonite) to the 'Minor' category.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
Is Bentonite officially designated as a major mineral in India?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"10. Minor Mineral Bentonite Gujarat, Rajasthan"
Why this source?
  • The passage is from MOSPI’s EnviStats-India (official government statistical publication).
  • It explicitly lists Bentonite under the heading 'Minor Mineral', showing its official classification.
  • The entry names states (Gujarat, Rajasthan), indicating a mineral inventory context rather than an exam question.

Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 14: Infrastructure and Investment Models > 14.11 Coal, Coal Mines Act 2015 and MMDR Act 2015 > p. 427
Strength: 5/5
ā€œIntroduction: In the federal structure of India, the "Regulation of mines and mineral development" falls under the Union List. Accordingly, the Central Government frames rules and regulation regarding the development and extraction of minerals but it has entrusted the respective state governments with mining related activities except in case of Coal, Petroleum & Natural gas and atomic minerals. The State Governments are the owners of minerals located within the boundary of the State concerned and have the authority to collect "taxes/ royalty" on mineral rights. The Central Government is the owner of the minerals underlying the ocean within the territorial waters or the Exclusive Economic Zone of India.ā€
Why relevant

Explains that regulation of mines and minerals is a legal/administrative matter (Central frames rules; states own minerals), implying ā€˜official designation’ would be found in government statutes or state lists.

How to extend

A student could check the Mines and Minerals regulatory acts or individual state notified lists of 'major' vs 'minor' minerals to see whether bentonite appears as a major mineral.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > 2. Metallic Minerals > p. 5
Strength: 4/5
ā€œMetallic minerals constitute the second most important group of minerals after fossil fuels. These minerals provide a strong base for the development of metallurgical industry, and thereby help the process of industrialisation and urbanisation. India has a substantial reserve of these minerals (Fig. 7.3). India is a producer of about 95 minerals of which 3 are fuel minerals, 3 atomic minerals, 10 metallic, 23 non-metallic minerals and 55 minerals.ā€
Why relevant

Gives a classification/count of minerals in India (fuel, atomic, metallic, non‑metallic) and total number produced, indicating there exists an official taxonomy of mineral types.

How to extend

A student could locate the official government taxonomy or list of 'non‑metallic' minerals and see if bentonite is included and how it is categorized (major/minor).

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > Mineral Belts of India > p. 3
Strength: 4/5
ā€œā€¢ S.No.: 3; Name of the Belt: The Southern Belt; Region: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu.; Minerals Found: Gold, iron ore, chromite, manganese, lignite, mica, bauxite, gypsum, asbestos, dolomite, ilmenite, china-clay, and limestone; Features: • S.No.: 4; Name of the Belt: The Western Belt; Region: Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Maharashtra.; Minerals Found: Non-ferrous metals like copper, lead, zinc, uranium, mica, manganese, salt, asbestos, building stonnes, precious stonnes, mineral oil, and natural gas.; Features: • S.No.: 5; Name of the Belt: The South Western Belt; Region: Goa, Karnataka, and Kerala; Minerals Found: Iron ore, ilmenite, zircon, monazite sands, garnet, china clay, bauxite, mica, limestone, and soapstone.; Features: • S.No.: 6; Name of the Belt: The Himalayan Belt; Region: ; Minerals Found: ; Features: • S.No.: 7; Name of the Belt: The Indian Ocean; Region: Continental shelf of the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal; Minerals Found: Mineral oil and natural gas, seabed also contains high grade nodules (at depth of 4000 m) of manganese, phosphate, barium, aluminium, silicon, iron, titanium, sodium, potassium, chromium, monazite, ilmenite, magnetite, and garnet; Features: The following (Table 7.2) provides the details on production and value in crores for the various minerals in India.ā€
Why relevant

Provides concrete lists of minerals found in regional mineral belts (e.g., Southern, Western, South‑Western belts), showing that authoritative sources enumerate minerals by region.

How to extend

A student could compare such authoritative regional/mineral‑belt lists or government mineral‑production tables to check for bentonite’s mention and relative importance.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > Non-Metallic Minerals > p. 22
Strength: 3/5
ā€œIndia is fairly rich in the non-metallic minerals also. The geographical distribution of some of the important non-metallic minerals has been shown in (Fig. 7.4).ā€
Why relevant

States India is fairly rich in non‑metallic minerals and points to mapped geographical distributions, suggesting bentonite — a non‑metallic clay — could be part of these categories.

How to extend

A student could consult non‑metallic mineral inventories or distribution maps to see whether bentonite occurrences are recorded and whether it is treated as a major mineral.

INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Mineral and Energy Resources > MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES > p. 53
Strength: 2/5
ā€œIndia is endowed with a rich variety of mineral resources due to its varied geological structure. Bulk of the valuable minerals are products of pre-palaezoic age (Refer: Chapter 2 of Class XI, Textbook: "Fundamentals of Physical Geography" and are mainly associated with metamorphic and igneous rocks of the peninsular India. The vast alluvial plain tract of north India is devoid of minerals of economic use. The mineral resources provide the country with the necessary base for industrial development. In this chapter, we shall discuss the availability of various types of mineral and energy resources in the country. A mineral is a natural substance of organic or inorganic origin with definite chemical and physical properties.ā€
Why relevant

Defines a mineral as a natural substance with definite chemical/physical properties, which frames how official lists classify minerals (by distinct identity and economic use).

How to extend

A student could use this definition to verify whether bentonite meets official criteria used in government lists and thus whether it could be designated 'major'.

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Statement analysis

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Statement analysis

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