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Q2 (IAS/2020) Geography › Indian Economic Geography › Mineral resource distribution Official Key

Consider the following minerals : 1. Bentonite 2. Chromite 3. Kyanite 4. Sillimanite In India, which of the above' is/are officially designated as major minerals ?

Result
Your answer:  ·  Correct: D
Explanation

The correct answer is Option 4 (2, 3 and 4 only). This classification is based on the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957, which categorizes minerals into 'Minor' and 'Major'.

  • Bentonite (1): In 2015, the Government of India notified 31 minerals, including Bentonite, as minor minerals. This shift transferred the administrative and rule-making powers regarding these minerals to the respective State Governments.
  • Chromite (2), Kyanite (3), and Sillimanite (4): These remain classified as major minerals. Chromite is a critical strategic mineral used in stainless steel production. Kyanite and Sillimanite are high-alumina refractory minerals essential for industrial furnaces.

Since Bentonite is a minor mineral and the others are major minerals, Option 4 is the only correct choice. Understanding this distinction is vital as major minerals are governed by Central Government regulations, whereas minor minerals fall under State jurisdiction.

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Q. Consider the following minerals : 1. Bentonite 2. Chromite 3. Kyanite 4. Sillimanite In India, which of the above' is/are officially desi…
At a glance
Origin: Mostly Current Affairs Fairness: Low / Borderline fairness Books / CA: 0/10 · 10/10

This is a 'Wolf in Sheep's Clothing' question. It looks like static Geography (Mineral Resources), but it is actually a Policy/Legal question based on the MMDR Act notifications. Standard geography books list occurrence, not legal status. The key was knowing the 2015 Government notification that shifted 31 minerals (including Bentonite) to the 'Minor' category.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
Is Bentonite officially designated as a major mineral in India?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"10. Minor Mineral Bentonite Gujarat, Rajasthan"
Why this source?
  • The passage is from MOSPI’s EnviStats-India (official government statistical publication).
  • It explicitly lists Bentonite under the heading 'Minor Mineral', showing its official classification.
  • The entry names states (Gujarat, Rajasthan), indicating a mineral inventory context rather than an exam question.

Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 14: Infrastructure and Investment Models > 14.11 Coal, Coal Mines Act 2015 and MMDR Act 2015 > p. 427
Strength: 5/5
“Introduction: In the federal structure of India, the "Regulation of mines and mineral development" falls under the Union List. Accordingly, the Central Government frames rules and regulation regarding the development and extraction of minerals but it has entrusted the respective state governments with mining related activities except in case of Coal, Petroleum & Natural gas and atomic minerals. The State Governments are the owners of minerals located within the boundary of the State concerned and have the authority to collect "taxes/ royalty" on mineral rights. The Central Government is the owner of the minerals underlying the ocean within the territorial waters or the Exclusive Economic Zone of India.”
Why relevant

Explains that regulation of mines and minerals is a legal/administrative matter (Central frames rules; states own minerals), implying ‘official designation’ would be found in government statutes or state lists.

How to extend

A student could check the Mines and Minerals regulatory acts or individual state notified lists of 'major' vs 'minor' minerals to see whether bentonite appears as a major mineral.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > 2. Metallic Minerals > p. 5
Strength: 4/5
“Metallic minerals constitute the second most important group of minerals after fossil fuels. These minerals provide a strong base for the development of metallurgical industry, and thereby help the process of industrialisation and urbanisation. India has a substantial reserve of these minerals (Fig. 7.3). India is a producer of about 95 minerals of which 3 are fuel minerals, 3 atomic minerals, 10 metallic, 23 non-metallic minerals and 55 minerals.”
Why relevant

Gives a classification/count of minerals in India (fuel, atomic, metallic, non‑metallic) and total number produced, indicating there exists an official taxonomy of mineral types.

How to extend

A student could locate the official government taxonomy or list of 'non‑metallic' minerals and see if bentonite is included and how it is categorized (major/minor).

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > Mineral Belts of India > p. 3
Strength: 4/5
“• S.No.: 3; Name of the Belt: The Southern Belt; Region: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu.; Minerals Found: Gold, iron ore, chromite, manganese, lignite, mica, bauxite, gypsum, asbestos, dolomite, ilmenite, china-clay, and limestone; Features: • S.No.: 4; Name of the Belt: The Western Belt; Region: Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Maharashtra.; Minerals Found: Non-ferrous metals like copper, lead, zinc, uranium, mica, manganese, salt, asbestos, building stonnes, precious stonnes, mineral oil, and natural gas.; Features: • S.No.: 5; Name of the Belt: The South Western Belt; Region: Goa, Karnataka, and Kerala; Minerals Found: Iron ore, ilmenite, zircon, monazite sands, garnet, china clay, bauxite, mica, limestone, and soapstone.; Features: • S.No.: 6; Name of the Belt: The Himalayan Belt; Region: ; Minerals Found: ; Features: • S.No.: 7; Name of the Belt: The Indian Ocean; Region: Continental shelf of the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal; Minerals Found: Mineral oil and natural gas, seabed also contains high grade nodules (at depth of 4000 m) of manganese, phosphate, barium, aluminium, silicon, iron, titanium, sodium, potassium, chromium, monazite, ilmenite, magnetite, and garnet; Features: The following (Table 7.2) provides the details on production and value in crores for the various minerals in India.”
Why relevant

Provides concrete lists of minerals found in regional mineral belts (e.g., Southern, Western, South‑Western belts), showing that authoritative sources enumerate minerals by region.

How to extend

A student could compare such authoritative regional/mineral‑belt lists or government mineral‑production tables to check for bentonite’s mention and relative importance.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > Non-Metallic Minerals > p. 22
Strength: 3/5
“India is fairly rich in the non-metallic minerals also. The geographical distribution of some of the important non-metallic minerals has been shown in (Fig. 7.4).”
Why relevant

States India is fairly rich in non‑metallic minerals and points to mapped geographical distributions, suggesting bentonite — a non‑metallic clay — could be part of these categories.

How to extend

A student could consult non‑metallic mineral inventories or distribution maps to see whether bentonite occurrences are recorded and whether it is treated as a major mineral.

INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Mineral and Energy Resources > MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES > p. 53
Strength: 2/5
“India is endowed with a rich variety of mineral resources due to its varied geological structure. Bulk of the valuable minerals are products of pre-palaezoic age (Refer: Chapter 2 of Class XI, Textbook: "Fundamentals of Physical Geography" and are mainly associated with metamorphic and igneous rocks of the peninsular India. The vast alluvial plain tract of north India is devoid of minerals of economic use. The mineral resources provide the country with the necessary base for industrial development. In this chapter, we shall discuss the availability of various types of mineral and energy resources in the country. A mineral is a natural substance of organic or inorganic origin with definite chemical and physical properties.”
Why relevant

Defines a mineral as a natural substance with definite chemical/physical properties, which frames how official lists classify minerals (by distinct identity and economic use).

How to extend

A student could use this definition to verify whether bentonite meets official criteria used in government lists and thus whether it could be designated 'major'.

Statement 2
Is Chromite officially designated as a major mineral in India?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"Chromite deposits of India amount to about 2% of the total world resources. The Odisha state accounts for more than 93% of the chromite deposits. Minor."
Why this source?
  • Directly discusses chromite deposits in India and concludes with the label 'Minor.'
  • Explicit single-word classification 'Minor' tied to the chromite description indicates it is not described as a major mineral in this source.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"9. Minor Mineral Ball Clay Gujarat 10. Minor Mineral Bentonite Gujarat, Rajasthan 11. Minor Mineral Chalk Gujarat 12. Minor Mineral Dolomite Uttarakhand 13. Minor Mineral Feldspar West Bengal 14. Minor Mineral Fire Clay Chhattisgarh 15. Minor Mineral Fuller’s Earth Rajasthan 16. Minor Mineral Granite (Dimension Rajasthan"
Why this source?
  • From an official MOSPI EnviStats document listing mineral categories that include a 'Minor Mineral' category.
  • Shows that 'Minor Mineral' is an established classification used in official publications, supporting the significance of the 'Minor' label found for chromite.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > Table 7.7 > p. 16
Strength: 5/5
“Tajola: The Tajola Copper Plant is located in the Raigadh town in Maharashtra. The plant has imported copper cathodes. It manufactures copper rods. Chromite Chromite is an oxide of iron and chromium. It is widely used in metallurgical and chemical industries. The total reserve of chromite is estimated at 210 million tonnes (2016). Odisha, accounting for about 99% of the total production, is the largest producer of chromite. It is mined in Cuttack, Dhenkanal and Keonjhar districts. Karnataka is the second largest producer. In Karnataka, it is mined in Hassan district. Some chromite has been discovered in the Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh and the Tamenglong and Ukhrul districts of Manipur.”
Why relevant

Explicitly describes chromite (oxide of iron and chromium), its uses, reserves and major producing states (Odisha ~99%); shows chromite is a nationally significant mineral with quantified reserves.

How to extend

A student could use this to infer chromite's economic importance and then check official lists (e.g., state/central 'major' vs 'minor' mineral lists) to see if high-reserve, high-production minerals are classified as 'major'.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > Mineral Belts of India > p. 2
Strength: 4/5
“• S.No.: 1; Name of the Belt: The Chotanagpur Belt; Region: Dhanbad, Hazaribagh, Palamu, Ranchi, Santhal-Pargana, and Singhbhum in Jharkhand; Cuttack, Dhankenal, Kendujhar (Keonjhar), Koraput, Mayurbhanj, Sambhalpur, and Sundargarh in Odisha; and Bankura, Birbhum, Medinipur and Purulia in West Bengal; Minerals Found: coal, mica, manganese, chromite, ilmenite, bauxite, iron, uranium phosphate, copper, dolomite, china-clay, and limestone; Features: Region contains almost 100% of kyanite reserves, 93% of iron ore, 84% coal, and chromite of the country • S.No.: 2; Name of the Belt: The Midland Belt; Region: Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra; Minerals Found: Manganese ore, bauxite, mica, copper, graphite, limestone, lignite, marble, and limestone.; Features:”
Why relevant

Lists chromite among key minerals of the Chotanagpur Belt and notes the region contains 'chromite of the country' (implying concentration and importance).

How to extend

One could combine this with knowledge of administrative practice that 'major minerals' are often those mined at larger scale/strategic belts to assess whether chromite would likely be in the official 'major' category.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > Mineral Belts of India > p. 3
Strength: 4/5
“• S.No.: 3; Name of the Belt: The Southern Belt; Region: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu.; Minerals Found: Gold, iron ore, chromite, manganese, lignite, mica, bauxite, gypsum, asbestos, dolomite, ilmenite, china-clay, and limestone; Features: • S.No.: 4; Name of the Belt: The Western Belt; Region: Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Maharashtra.; Minerals Found: Non-ferrous metals like copper, lead, zinc, uranium, mica, manganese, salt, asbestos, building stonnes, precious stonnes, mineral oil, and natural gas.; Features: • S.No.: 5; Name of the Belt: The South Western Belt; Region: Goa, Karnataka, and Kerala; Minerals Found: Iron ore, ilmenite, zircon, monazite sands, garnet, china clay, bauxite, mica, limestone, and soapstone.; Features: • S.No.: 6; Name of the Belt: The Himalayan Belt; Region: ; Minerals Found: ; Features: • S.No.: 7; Name of the Belt: The Indian Ocean; Region: Continental shelf of the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal; Minerals Found: Mineral oil and natural gas, seabed also contains high grade nodules (at depth of 4000 m) of manganese, phosphate, barium, aluminium, silicon, iron, titanium, sodium, potassium, chromium, monazite, ilmenite, magnetite, and garnet; Features: The following (Table 7.2) provides the details on production and value in crores for the various minerals in India.”
Why relevant

Includes chromite in a regional Mineral Belt listing (Southern Belt), grouping it with other economically important minerals.

How to extend

A student could use the recurring appearance of chromite across belt lists to argue it is treated as a significant mineral and then consult government definitions distinguishing 'major' (state control) vs 'minor' minerals.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > 2. Metallic Minerals > p. 5
Strength: 3/5
“Metallic minerals constitute the second most important group of minerals after fossil fuels. These minerals provide a strong base for the development of metallurgical industry, and thereby help the process of industrialisation and urbanisation. India has a substantial reserve of these minerals (Fig. 7.3). India is a producer of about 95 minerals of which 3 are fuel minerals, 3 atomic minerals, 10 metallic, 23 non-metallic minerals and 55 minerals.”
Why relevant

States India is a producer of about 95 minerals and categorises minerals into fuel, atomic, metallic (10), non-metallic, etc.; chromite appears in metallic mineral discussions elsewhere.

How to extend

Using this classification, a student can note chromite's place among metallic minerals and then check whether Indian policy typically designates metallic/strategic ores as 'major' minerals.

Statement 3
Is Kyanite officially designated as a major mineral in India?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"Major minerals include coal, manganese ore, iron ore, bauxite, limestone, kyanite, sillimanite, barites and chromite."
Why this source?
  • Explicitly states the legal classification (MMDRA Act, 2015) used in India for major vs minor minerals.
  • Lists kyanite among the minerals classified as 'major minerals'.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"14. Refractory Mineral Kyanite Karnataka, Rajasthan"
Why this source?
  • A government (MOSPI) document lists kyanite in its mineral inventory.
  • Identifies kyanite as a named refractory mineral with state occurrences, supporting official recognition.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > Natural Resources of India > p. 28
Strength: 5/5
“591). Its major deposits are found in Uttarakhand (68%), Rajasthan (16%) and Tamil Nadu (13%). Its deposits have also been found in Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, and Kerala. Tamil Nadu is the largest producer accounting for over 74% of the total magnesite production, followed by Uttarakhand (20%) and Karnataka (6%). Found in the metamorphic rocks, kyanite is used in metallurgical, ceramic, refractory, glass and electrical industries. The total reserves of Kyanite are 103 million tonnes (India 2016, p. 590). India is the largest producer of kyanite in the world. Kyanite deposits are located in Jharkhand, Maharashtra, and Karnataka.”
Why relevant

Explicitly describes kyanite's deposits, uses, total reserves and states India is the largest producer — showing kyanite is a significant non-metallic mineral resource in India.

How to extend

A student could compare this significance (reserves/production) with official government lists of 'major minerals' to see if high-reserve/production minerals are the ones so designated.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > Mineral Belts of India > p. 2
Strength: 4/5
“• S.No.: 1; Name of the Belt: The Chotanagpur Belt; Region: Dhanbad, Hazaribagh, Palamu, Ranchi, Santhal-Pargana, and Singhbhum in Jharkhand; Cuttack, Dhankenal, Kendujhar (Keonjhar), Koraput, Mayurbhanj, Sambhalpur, and Sundargarh in Odisha; and Bankura, Birbhum, Medinipur and Purulia in West Bengal; Minerals Found: coal, mica, manganese, chromite, ilmenite, bauxite, iron, uranium phosphate, copper, dolomite, china-clay, and limestone; Features: Region contains almost 100% of kyanite reserves, 93% of iron ore, 84% coal, and chromite of the country • S.No.: 2; Name of the Belt: The Midland Belt; Region: Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra; Minerals Found: Manganese ore, bauxite, mica, copper, graphite, limestone, lignite, marble, and limestone.; Features:”
Why relevant

States that the Chotanagpur belt 'contains almost 100% of kyanite reserves' and lists kyanite among minerals found in a named mineral belt — indicating kyanite is recognised in standard mineral-distribution classifications.

How to extend

One could use this pattern (inclusion in formal mineral-belt lists) to check government/ministry publications or standard geological compilations for formal 'major mineral' designations.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > 2. Metallic Minerals > p. 5
Strength: 4/5
“Metallic minerals constitute the second most important group of minerals after fossil fuels. These minerals provide a strong base for the development of metallurgical industry, and thereby help the process of industrialisation and urbanisation. India has a substantial reserve of these minerals (Fig. 7.3). India is a producer of about 95 minerals of which 3 are fuel minerals, 3 atomic minerals, 10 metallic, 23 non-metallic minerals and 55 minerals.”
Why relevant

Gives a taxonomy/count of minerals India produces (metallic, non-metallic, fuel, atomic) — provides a framework for what categories 'major minerals' might come from.

How to extend

A student could map kyanite to the appropriate category (non-metallic) and then inspect official lists for which non-metallic minerals are classed as 'major'.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > Distribution of Minerals > p. 1
Strength: 3/5
“The mineral wealth of India is largely confined to the igneous and metamorphic rocks of Peninsular India, while the Great Plains of India and the Himalayan region are almost devoid of the metallic minerals. The states which are rich in the metallic and non-metallic minerals are Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Bihar, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Uttarakhand, Andhra Pradesh, Tripura, and Assam. The states of Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, and Gangetic West Bengal are, however, poor in mineral resources.”
Why relevant

Describes geographic concentration of mineral wealth and lists states rich in metallic and non-metallic minerals — situating where a mineral like kyanite is likely to be treated as important regionally.

How to extend

Using this, a student could check state-level mineral notifications (since 'major/minor' minerals are sometimes defined at central vs state level) for states named as kyanite-bearing.

INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Mineral and Energy Resources > MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES > p. 53
Strength: 3/5
“India is endowed with a rich variety of mineral resources due to its varied geological structure. Bulk of the valuable minerals are products of pre-palaezoic age (Refer: Chapter 2 of Class XI, Textbook: "Fundamentals of Physical Geography" and are mainly associated with metamorphic and igneous rocks of the peninsular India. The vast alluvial plain tract of north India is devoid of minerals of economic use. The mineral resources provide the country with the necessary base for industrial development. In this chapter, we shall discuss the availability of various types of mineral and energy resources in the country. A mineral is a natural substance of organic or inorganic origin with definite chemical and physical properties.”
Why relevant

Provides a general definition of a mineral and stresses economic importance and association with rock types — outlining criteria (economic use, reserves, rock-association) by which a mineral's importance may be judged.

How to extend

A student could apply these criteria (economic use, reserve size) to kyanite data (from snippet 1) and then consult official definitions to test if such criteria correspond to being labelled a 'major mineral'.

Statement 4
Is Sillimanite officially designated as a major mineral in India?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"7. Refractory Mineral Sillimanite Andhra Pradesh"
Why this source?
  • The MOSPI EnviStats document lists Sillimanite explicitly under the heading 'Refractory Mineral', not under a 'Major Mineral' label.
  • The entry associates Sillimanite with a specific state (Andhra Pradesh), indicating an official classification in the MOSPI publication.
Web source
Presence: 5/5
"16. Refractory Mineral Sillimanite Rajasthan"
Why this source?
  • A MOSPI table again classifies Sillimanite as a 'Refractory Mineral' (listed for Rajasthan), showing consistency in official categorization.
  • The passage lists Sillimanite in a mineral-group context rather than labeling it as a 'major mineral' in the document.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > Natural Resources of India > p. 29
Strength: 5/5
“Sillimanite is used is ceramics, metallurgy, glass, refractory, automobiles and cement manufacturing industries. Its main characteristic is that it can withstand high temperatures. The total reserves of sillimanite are 67 million tonnes (India 2016, p. 590). Odisha, contributing about 57% of the total production, is the largest producer of sillimanite in India. Kerala is the second largest producer accounting for about 33% of the total production. It is also produced in Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Meghalaya, Assam (Karbi-Anglong), Madhya Pradesh, (Sidhi), West Bengal (Darjeeling, Bankura and Purulia), and Tamil Nadu (Kanniyakumari, Tirunelveli, and Tiruchirappalli). Diamond is a precious stone. It is known for its brilliance, luster, transparency and hardness.”
Why relevant

Gives explicit data on sillimanite reserves, uses, and the states producing it — indicating it is a significant non‑metallic mineral in India.

How to extend

A student could compare these production/reserve figures to official lists of 'major minerals' (e.g., government/IMS data) to see whether size/importance typically corresponds to formal designation.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > 2. Metallic Minerals > p. 5
Strength: 4/5
“Metallic minerals constitute the second most important group of minerals after fossil fuels. These minerals provide a strong base for the development of metallurgical industry, and thereby help the process of industrialisation and urbanisation. India has a substantial reserve of these minerals (Fig. 7.3). India is a producer of about 95 minerals of which 3 are fuel minerals, 3 atomic minerals, 10 metallic, 23 non-metallic minerals and 55 minerals.”
Why relevant

States India is a producer of about 95 minerals and groups them (fuel, atomic, metallic, non‑metallic, others) — showing there is a formal taxonomy of minerals.

How to extend

A student can use this classification to check whether 'major minerals' are drawn from specific categories (e.g., non‑metallic) and then look for sillimanite within official category lists.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > Mineral Belts of India > p. 3
Strength: 3/5
“• S.No.: 3; Name of the Belt: The Southern Belt; Region: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu.; Minerals Found: Gold, iron ore, chromite, manganese, lignite, mica, bauxite, gypsum, asbestos, dolomite, ilmenite, china-clay, and limestone; Features: • S.No.: 4; Name of the Belt: The Western Belt; Region: Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Maharashtra.; Minerals Found: Non-ferrous metals like copper, lead, zinc, uranium, mica, manganese, salt, asbestos, building stonnes, precious stonnes, mineral oil, and natural gas.; Features: • S.No.: 5; Name of the Belt: The South Western Belt; Region: Goa, Karnataka, and Kerala; Minerals Found: Iron ore, ilmenite, zircon, monazite sands, garnet, china clay, bauxite, mica, limestone, and soapstone.; Features: • S.No.: 6; Name of the Belt: The Himalayan Belt; Region: ; Minerals Found: ; Features: • S.No.: 7; Name of the Belt: The Indian Ocean; Region: Continental shelf of the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal; Minerals Found: Mineral oil and natural gas, seabed also contains high grade nodules (at depth of 4000 m) of manganese, phosphate, barium, aluminium, silicon, iron, titanium, sodium, potassium, chromium, monazite, ilmenite, magnetite, and garnet; Features: The following (Table 7.2) provides the details on production and value in crores for the various minerals in India.”
Why relevant

Lists minerals commonly highlighted in the major mineral belts (e.g., ilmenite, mica, china‑clay, garnet) but does not list sillimanite among those belt highlights.

How to extend

A student might treat absence from belt summary lists as a clue to check official major‑mineral lists or map occurrences to see whether sillimanite is typically treated as a principal mineral in such summaries.

INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Mineral and Energy Resources > Non-metallic Minerals > p. 57
Strength: 3/5
“Among the non-metallic minerals produced in India, mica is the important one. The other minerals extracted for local consumption are limestone, dolomite and phosphate.”
Why relevant

Notes which non‑metallic minerals are singled out as important (mica, limestone, dolomite, phosphate), with sillimanite not mentioned among these examples.

How to extend

Use this pattern of which non‑metallic minerals are frequently labelled 'important' to investigate whether sillimanite is commonly classed similarly in government/educational sources.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > Distribution of Minerals > p. 1
Strength: 3/5
“The mineral wealth of India is largely confined to the igneous and metamorphic rocks of Peninsular India, while the Great Plains of India and the Himalayan region are almost devoid of the metallic minerals. The states which are rich in the metallic and non-metallic minerals are Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Bihar, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Uttarakhand, Andhra Pradesh, Tripura, and Assam. The states of Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, and Gangetic West Bengal are, however, poor in mineral resources.”
Why relevant

Gives a list of states rich in metallic and non‑metallic minerals — several overlap with states producing sillimanite per snippet [1], supporting geographic significance.

How to extend

Cross‑referencing states listed as mineral‑rich with official 'major mineral' production statistics could indicate whether sillimanite's regional importance translates to formal designation.

Pattern takeaway: UPSC loves 'Classification' questions. Whenever a list exists in a statute (e.g., Schedule I vs IV in Wildlife Act, Major vs Minor in MMDR Act, Core vs Non-Core industries), it is a potential MCQ.
How you should have studied
  1. [THE VERDICT]: Trap. While the minerals are standard, the phrase 'officially designated' shifts the source from Geography textbooks to the Ministry of Mines Annual Report/MMDR Act.
  2. [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: The legal distinction between Major Minerals (Union List, Central regulation) vs. Minor Minerals (State regulation, decentralized).
  3. [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize the 'Minor' list shift (2015): Bentonite, Chalk, Fuller's Earth, Gypsum, Quartz, and Feldspar are MINOR. Contrast with Strategic/Major: Coal, Iron Ore, Chromite, Bauxite, Kyanite, Sillimanite.
  4. [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: When studying resources, maintain a 'Dual-View': 1. Geological (Where is it found?) and 2. Administrative (Who regulates it?). The exam exploits the gap between these two views.
Concept hooks from this question
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Mineral classification by type (metallic, non-metallic, fuel, atomic)
💡 The insight

Understanding how minerals are categorised (metallic, non‑metallic, fuel, atomic) is essential to determine whether a specific mineral like bentonite would be grouped as a 'major' mineral.

High yield for UPSC: many questions ask about types and counts of minerals and their industrial roles. Mastering classification helps link mineral names to sectors (metallurgy, energy, ceramics) and eliminates wrong options in MCQs and mains answers about resource endowments and industrial uses.

📚 Reading List :
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > 2. Metallic Minerals > p. 5
  • INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Mineral and Energy Resources > MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES > p. 53
🔗 Anchor: "Is Bentonite officially designated as a major mineral in India?"
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Jurisdiction and ownership of mineral regulation (State vs Centre)
💡 The insight

Official designations and classification of minerals affect taxation and regulation, which are governed by Central rules but implemented by State governments for most minerals.

Important for polity-economic overlaps: questions on mineral policy, royalties, and regulatory responsibilities often require clarity on which tier of government controls mineral development and classification. This concept links natural resources with federal governance and economic policy.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 14: Infrastructure and Investment Models > 14.11 Coal, Coal Mines Act 2015 and MMDR Act 2015 > p. 427
🔗 Anchor: "Is Bentonite officially designated as a major mineral in India?"
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Geographic concentration of India's mineral resources (Peninsular dominance)
💡 The insight

Knowing where mineral resources are concentrated helps assess regional significance of specific minerals and why certain minerals receive policy attention as 'major' in particular states.

High utility in both GS Paper 1 (physical geography) and GS Paper 3 (resource economics): questions frequently ask about regional mineral belts, state-wise resource richness, and their industrial implications. It enables mapping-type answers and state-specific policy discussion.

📚 Reading List :
  • INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Mineral and Energy Resources > Distribution of Minerals in India > p. 54
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > Distribution of Minerals > p. 1
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > Mineral Belts of India > p. 3
🔗 Anchor: "Is Bentonite officially designated as a major mineral in India?"
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Chromite — distribution and production centres
💡 The insight

Chromite is concentrated in Odisha (mined in Cuttack, Dhenkanal, Keonjhar) and Odisha supplies about 99% of national production.

High-yield for map-based and state-wise mineral questions: knowing which state dominates a mineral's production helps answer questions on regional resource dependence, industrial location, and state-wise contributions to national output. Links to industry (metallurgical and chemical uses) and resource management/industrial policy questions.

📚 Reading List :
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > Table 7.7 > p. 16
🔗 Anchor: "Is Chromite officially designated as a major mineral in India?"
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Mineral belts of India (Chotanagpur & Southern belts)
💡 The insight

Chromite occurs in major mineral belts such as the Chotanagpur belt and the Southern belt.

Understanding mineral belts enables quick elimination in distribution questions and links geology to resource location. Questions often ask which belt/state contains a given mineral or compare belts; mastering belts aids in map-based answer choices and integrated questions on economic geography.

📚 Reading List :
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > Mineral Belts of India > p. 2
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > Mineral Belts of India > p. 3
🔗 Anchor: "Is Chromite officially designated as a major mineral in India?"
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Classification and counts of India's minerals (metallic vs non-metallic)
💡 The insight

India's mineral inventory is classified into categories (e.g., 10 metallic, 23 non-metallic) which frames how minerals like chromite are grouped for study and policy.

Useful for syllabus-level questions on mineral classification, resource statistics, and for interpreting tables/MCQs that test counts and categories. Helps connect mineral economics with industrial uses and regional distribution topics.

📚 Reading List :
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > 2. Metallic Minerals > p. 5
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > Table 7.7 > p. 16
🔗 Anchor: "Is Chromite officially designated as a major mineral in India?"
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S3
👉 Kyanite occurrence and national reserves
💡 The insight

Kyanite is concentrated in Jharkhand/Chotanagpur and India holds large kyanite reserves and significant production.

High-yield for resource geography questions: helps answer location, reserve and production questions about specific minerals and their regional economic importance. Connects to industry questions (refractory/ceramic/metallurgical uses) and state-level resource profiles.

📚 Reading List :
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > Natural Resources of India > p. 28
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > Mineral Belts of India > p. 2
🔗 Anchor: "Is Kyanite officially designated as a major mineral in India?"
🌑 The Hidden Trap

The 'Critical Minerals' list released by the Centre (e.g., Lithium, Cobalt, Nickel) is the modern equivalent of this question. Also, watch out for 'Atomic Minerals' (Monazite, Zircon) which have stricter Central control than standard Major minerals.

⚡ Elimination Cheat Code

Use the 'Mud vs. Metal' Heuristic. 'Minor' minerals are typically low-value, high-volume earth materials used locally (sand, clay, stones). 'Major' minerals are high-value industrial ores used in national industries (steel, energy). Bentonite is a clay (Mud) -> likely Minor. Chromite/Kyanite are industrial ores (Metal/Refractory) -> likely Major. Eliminate 1.

🔗 Mains Connection

Fiscal Federalism (GS2/GS3). 'Minor Minerals' are a crucial source of independent revenue for State Governments. While the Centre controls Major Minerals (Union List Entry 54), States have powers over Minor Minerals to support local administration.

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SIMILAR QUESTIONS

IAS · 2010 · Q46 Relevance score: 1.86

With reference to the mineral resources of India, consider the following pairs: Mineral 90% Natural sources in 1. Copper Jharkhand 2. Nickel Orissa 3. Tungsten Kerala Which of the pairs give above is/are correctly matched?

IAS · 2022 · Q78 Relevance score: 0.67

With reference to India, consider the following statements : 1. Monazite is a source of rare earths. 2. Monazite contains thorium. 3. Monazite occurs naturally in the entire Indian coastal sands in India. 4. In India, Government bodies only can process or export monazite. Which of the statements given above are correct ?

CAPF · 2021 · Q63 Relevance score: 0.54

Which of the following main types of iron ores are found in India? 1. Haematite 2. Magnetite 3. Limonite 4. Siderite Select the correct answer using the code given below.

IAS · 2019 · Q62 Relevance score: 0.05

With reference to the management of minor minerals in India, consider the following statements : 1. Sand is a 'minor mineral' according to the prevailing law in the country. 2. State Governments have the power to grant mining leases of minor minerals, but the powers regarding the formation of rules related to the grant of minor minerals lie with the Central Government. 3. State Governments have the power to frame rules to prevent illegal mining of minor minerals. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

CDS-I · 2016 · Q26 Relevance score: -0.08

Consider the following statements : 1. Most of the coal and the ferrous group of minerals in India occur in the peninsula, south of the Vindhyas 2. The peninsular India once formed part of the super-continent which included Australia, Antarctica, Africa and South America Which of the statements given above is / are correct ?