Question map
Consider the following minerals : 1. Bentonite 2. Chromite 3. Kyanite 4. Sillimanite In India, which of the above' is/are officially designated as major minerals ?
Explanation
The correct answer is Option 4 (2, 3 and 4 only). This classification is based on the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957, which categorizes minerals into 'Minor' and 'Major'.
- Bentonite (1): In 2015, the Government of India notified 31 minerals, including Bentonite, as minor minerals. This shift transferred the administrative and rule-making powers regarding these minerals to the respective State Governments.
- Chromite (2), Kyanite (3), and Sillimanite (4): These remain classified as major minerals. Chromite is a critical strategic mineral used in stainless steel production. Kyanite and Sillimanite are high-alumina refractory minerals essential for industrial furnaces.
Since Bentonite is a minor mineral and the others are major minerals, Option 4 is the only correct choice. Understanding this distinction is vital as major minerals are governed by Central Government regulations, whereas minor minerals fall under State jurisdiction.
PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
Full viewThis is a 'Wolf in Sheep's Clothing' question. It looks like static Geography (Mineral Resources), but it is actually a Policy/Legal question based on the MMDR Act notifications. Standard geography books list occurrence, not legal status. The key was knowing the 2015 Government notification that shifted 31 minerals (including Bentonite) to the 'Minor' category.
This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.
- Statement 1: Is Bentonite officially designated as a major mineral in India?
- Statement 2: Is Chromite officially designated as a major mineral in India?
- Statement 3: Is Kyanite officially designated as a major mineral in India?
- Statement 4: Is Sillimanite officially designated as a major mineral in India?
- The passage is from MOSPI’s EnviStats-India (official government statistical publication).
- It explicitly lists Bentonite under the heading 'Minor Mineral', showing its official classification.
- The entry names states (Gujarat, Rajasthan), indicating a mineral inventory context rather than an exam question.
Explains that regulation of mines and minerals is a legal/administrative matter (Central frames rules; states own minerals), implying ‘official designation’ would be found in government statutes or state lists.
A student could check the Mines and Minerals regulatory acts or individual state notified lists of 'major' vs 'minor' minerals to see whether bentonite appears as a major mineral.
Gives a classification/count of minerals in India (fuel, atomic, metallic, non‑metallic) and total number produced, indicating there exists an official taxonomy of mineral types.
A student could locate the official government taxonomy or list of 'non‑metallic' minerals and see if bentonite is included and how it is categorized (major/minor).
Provides concrete lists of minerals found in regional mineral belts (e.g., Southern, Western, South‑Western belts), showing that authoritative sources enumerate minerals by region.
A student could compare such authoritative regional/mineral‑belt lists or government mineral‑production tables to check for bentonite’s mention and relative importance.
States India is fairly rich in non‑metallic minerals and points to mapped geographical distributions, suggesting bentonite — a non‑metallic clay — could be part of these categories.
A student could consult non‑metallic mineral inventories or distribution maps to see whether bentonite occurrences are recorded and whether it is treated as a major mineral.
Defines a mineral as a natural substance with definite chemical/physical properties, which frames how official lists classify minerals (by distinct identity and economic use).
A student could use this definition to verify whether bentonite meets official criteria used in government lists and thus whether it could be designated 'major'.
- Directly discusses chromite deposits in India and concludes with the label 'Minor.'
- Explicit single-word classification 'Minor' tied to the chromite description indicates it is not described as a major mineral in this source.
- From an official MOSPI EnviStats document listing mineral categories that include a 'Minor Mineral' category.
- Shows that 'Minor Mineral' is an established classification used in official publications, supporting the significance of the 'Minor' label found for chromite.
Explicitly describes chromite (oxide of iron and chromium), its uses, reserves and major producing states (Odisha ~99%); shows chromite is a nationally significant mineral with quantified reserves.
A student could use this to infer chromite's economic importance and then check official lists (e.g., state/central 'major' vs 'minor' mineral lists) to see if high-reserve, high-production minerals are classified as 'major'.
Lists chromite among key minerals of the Chotanagpur Belt and notes the region contains 'chromite of the country' (implying concentration and importance).
One could combine this with knowledge of administrative practice that 'major minerals' are often those mined at larger scale/strategic belts to assess whether chromite would likely be in the official 'major' category.
Includes chromite in a regional Mineral Belt listing (Southern Belt), grouping it with other economically important minerals.
A student could use the recurring appearance of chromite across belt lists to argue it is treated as a significant mineral and then consult government definitions distinguishing 'major' (state control) vs 'minor' minerals.
States India is a producer of about 95 minerals and categorises minerals into fuel, atomic, metallic (10), non-metallic, etc.; chromite appears in metallic mineral discussions elsewhere.
Using this classification, a student can note chromite's place among metallic minerals and then check whether Indian policy typically designates metallic/strategic ores as 'major' minerals.
- Explicitly states the legal classification (MMDRA Act, 2015) used in India for major vs minor minerals.
- Lists kyanite among the minerals classified as 'major minerals'.
- A government (MOSPI) document lists kyanite in its mineral inventory.
- Identifies kyanite as a named refractory mineral with state occurrences, supporting official recognition.
Explicitly describes kyanite's deposits, uses, total reserves and states India is the largest producer — showing kyanite is a significant non-metallic mineral resource in India.
A student could compare this significance (reserves/production) with official government lists of 'major minerals' to see if high-reserve/production minerals are the ones so designated.
States that the Chotanagpur belt 'contains almost 100% of kyanite reserves' and lists kyanite among minerals found in a named mineral belt — indicating kyanite is recognised in standard mineral-distribution classifications.
One could use this pattern (inclusion in formal mineral-belt lists) to check government/ministry publications or standard geological compilations for formal 'major mineral' designations.
Gives a taxonomy/count of minerals India produces (metallic, non-metallic, fuel, atomic) — provides a framework for what categories 'major minerals' might come from.
A student could map kyanite to the appropriate category (non-metallic) and then inspect official lists for which non-metallic minerals are classed as 'major'.
Describes geographic concentration of mineral wealth and lists states rich in metallic and non-metallic minerals — situating where a mineral like kyanite is likely to be treated as important regionally.
Using this, a student could check state-level mineral notifications (since 'major/minor' minerals are sometimes defined at central vs state level) for states named as kyanite-bearing.
Provides a general definition of a mineral and stresses economic importance and association with rock types — outlining criteria (economic use, reserves, rock-association) by which a mineral's importance may be judged.
A student could apply these criteria (economic use, reserve size) to kyanite data (from snippet 1) and then consult official definitions to test if such criteria correspond to being labelled a 'major mineral'.
- The MOSPI EnviStats document lists Sillimanite explicitly under the heading 'Refractory Mineral', not under a 'Major Mineral' label.
- The entry associates Sillimanite with a specific state (Andhra Pradesh), indicating an official classification in the MOSPI publication.
- A MOSPI table again classifies Sillimanite as a 'Refractory Mineral' (listed for Rajasthan), showing consistency in official categorization.
- The passage lists Sillimanite in a mineral-group context rather than labeling it as a 'major mineral' in the document.
Gives explicit data on sillimanite reserves, uses, and the states producing it — indicating it is a significant non‑metallic mineral in India.
A student could compare these production/reserve figures to official lists of 'major minerals' (e.g., government/IMS data) to see whether size/importance typically corresponds to formal designation.
States India is a producer of about 95 minerals and groups them (fuel, atomic, metallic, non‑metallic, others) — showing there is a formal taxonomy of minerals.
A student can use this classification to check whether 'major minerals' are drawn from specific categories (e.g., non‑metallic) and then look for sillimanite within official category lists.
Lists minerals commonly highlighted in the major mineral belts (e.g., ilmenite, mica, china‑clay, garnet) but does not list sillimanite among those belt highlights.
A student might treat absence from belt summary lists as a clue to check official major‑mineral lists or map occurrences to see whether sillimanite is typically treated as a principal mineral in such summaries.
Notes which non‑metallic minerals are singled out as important (mica, limestone, dolomite, phosphate), with sillimanite not mentioned among these examples.
Use this pattern of which non‑metallic minerals are frequently labelled 'important' to investigate whether sillimanite is commonly classed similarly in government/educational sources.
Gives a list of states rich in metallic and non‑metallic minerals — several overlap with states producing sillimanite per snippet [1], supporting geographic significance.
Cross‑referencing states listed as mineral‑rich with official 'major mineral' production statistics could indicate whether sillimanite's regional importance translates to formal designation.
- [THE VERDICT]: Trap. While the minerals are standard, the phrase 'officially designated' shifts the source from Geography textbooks to the Ministry of Mines Annual Report/MMDR Act.
- [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: The legal distinction between Major Minerals (Union List, Central regulation) vs. Minor Minerals (State regulation, decentralized).
- [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize the 'Minor' list shift (2015): Bentonite, Chalk, Fuller's Earth, Gypsum, Quartz, and Feldspar are MINOR. Contrast with Strategic/Major: Coal, Iron Ore, Chromite, Bauxite, Kyanite, Sillimanite.
- [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: When studying resources, maintain a 'Dual-View': 1. Geological (Where is it found?) and 2. Administrative (Who regulates it?). The exam exploits the gap between these two views.
Understanding how minerals are categorised (metallic, non‑metallic, fuel, atomic) is essential to determine whether a specific mineral like bentonite would be grouped as a 'major' mineral.
High yield for UPSC: many questions ask about types and counts of minerals and their industrial roles. Mastering classification helps link mineral names to sectors (metallurgy, energy, ceramics) and eliminates wrong options in MCQs and mains answers about resource endowments and industrial uses.
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > 2. Metallic Minerals > p. 5
- INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Mineral and Energy Resources > MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES > p. 53
Official designations and classification of minerals affect taxation and regulation, which are governed by Central rules but implemented by State governments for most minerals.
Important for polity-economic overlaps: questions on mineral policy, royalties, and regulatory responsibilities often require clarity on which tier of government controls mineral development and classification. This concept links natural resources with federal governance and economic policy.
- Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 14: Infrastructure and Investment Models > 14.11 Coal, Coal Mines Act 2015 and MMDR Act 2015 > p. 427
Knowing where mineral resources are concentrated helps assess regional significance of specific minerals and why certain minerals receive policy attention as 'major' in particular states.
High utility in both GS Paper 1 (physical geography) and GS Paper 3 (resource economics): questions frequently ask about regional mineral belts, state-wise resource richness, and their industrial implications. It enables mapping-type answers and state-specific policy discussion.
- INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Mineral and Energy Resources > Distribution of Minerals in India > p. 54
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > Distribution of Minerals > p. 1
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > Mineral Belts of India > p. 3
Chromite is concentrated in Odisha (mined in Cuttack, Dhenkanal, Keonjhar) and Odisha supplies about 99% of national production.
High-yield for map-based and state-wise mineral questions: knowing which state dominates a mineral's production helps answer questions on regional resource dependence, industrial location, and state-wise contributions to national output. Links to industry (metallurgical and chemical uses) and resource management/industrial policy questions.
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > Table 7.7 > p. 16
Chromite occurs in major mineral belts such as the Chotanagpur belt and the Southern belt.
Understanding mineral belts enables quick elimination in distribution questions and links geology to resource location. Questions often ask which belt/state contains a given mineral or compare belts; mastering belts aids in map-based answer choices and integrated questions on economic geography.
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > Mineral Belts of India > p. 2
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > Mineral Belts of India > p. 3
India's mineral inventory is classified into categories (e.g., 10 metallic, 23 non-metallic) which frames how minerals like chromite are grouped for study and policy.
Useful for syllabus-level questions on mineral classification, resource statistics, and for interpreting tables/MCQs that test counts and categories. Helps connect mineral economics with industrial uses and regional distribution topics.
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > 2. Metallic Minerals > p. 5
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > Table 7.7 > p. 16
Kyanite is concentrated in Jharkhand/Chotanagpur and India holds large kyanite reserves and significant production.
High-yield for resource geography questions: helps answer location, reserve and production questions about specific minerals and their regional economic importance. Connects to industry questions (refractory/ceramic/metallurgical uses) and state-level resource profiles.
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > Natural Resources of India > p. 28
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > Mineral Belts of India > p. 2
The 'Critical Minerals' list released by the Centre (e.g., Lithium, Cobalt, Nickel) is the modern equivalent of this question. Also, watch out for 'Atomic Minerals' (Monazite, Zircon) which have stricter Central control than standard Major minerals.
Use the 'Mud vs. Metal' Heuristic. 'Minor' minerals are typically low-value, high-volume earth materials used locally (sand, clay, stones). 'Major' minerals are high-value industrial ores used in national industries (steel, energy). Bentonite is a clay (Mud) -> likely Minor. Chromite/Kyanite are industrial ores (Metal/Refractory) -> likely Major. Eliminate 1.
Fiscal Federalism (GS2/GS3). 'Minor Minerals' are a crucial source of independent revenue for State Governments. While the Centre controls Major Minerals (Union List Entry 54), States have powers over Minor Minerals to support local administration.