Question map
Who among the following is associated with 'Songs from Prison', a translation of ancient Indian religious lyrics in English?
Explanation
The correct answer is Option 3: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi.
Songs from Prison is a collection of translations of ancient Indian religious hymns and lyrics, primarily from the Sanskrit tradition (including the Upanishads and Bhakti poets). M.K. Gandhi undertook this literary work during his imprisonment in the Yerwada Jail, Pune, in 1930.
- Why Option 3 is correct: Gandhi translated these texts into English to share the spiritual heritage of India with the Western world. The work was later edited and published in 1934 by his close associate, John S. Hoyland.
- Why other options are incorrect: While Tilak wrote Gita Rahasya and Nehru wrote Discovery of India in prison, neither is associated with this specific translation. Sarojini Naidu, though a poet, did not author this compilation.
This work highlights Gandhiโs deep engagement with Indian philosophy and his efforts to bridge cultural gaps through spiritual literature during the Indian National Movement.
PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
Guest previewThis is a 'Peripheral Literature' question. It is NOT found in standard sources like Spectrum or NCERT. It tests your knowledge of the 'Prison Literature' genre of freedom fighters, specifically the spiritual/literary output of Gandhi beyond his political treatises.
This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.
- Statement 1: Was Bal Gangadhar Tilak associated with the book "Songs from Prison", a translation into English of ancient Indian religious lyrics?
- Statement 2: Was Jawaharlal Nehru associated with the book "Songs from Prison", a translation into English of ancient Indian religious lyrics?
- Statement 3: Was Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi associated with the book "Songs from Prison", a translation into English of ancient Indian religious lyrics?
- Statement 4: Was Sarojini Naidu associated with the book "Songs from Prison", a translation into English of ancient Indian religious lyrics?
States Tilak was tried, convicted and awarded rigorous imprisonment โ establishing he spent time in prison (relevant because the book title refers to 'Prison').
A student could check lists of writings produced by prominent nationalist leaders during prison terms to see if Tilak authored or translated a prison-linked work.
Notes Tilak's use of religious symbols and festivals to mobilise Hindus, showing he engaged with religious material and publicised it.
One could investigate whether his publications or prison writings included translations or commentary on religious lyrics.
Records that Tilak edited newspapers (Kesari and Mahratta), indicating he had publishing experience and means to produce or disseminate translations.
A student might search bibliographies of Tilak's published works or the archives of his newspapers for evidence of translations like 'Songs from Prison'.
Mentions Sri Aurobindo's English translation of a religious song; demonstrates that nationalist/religious leaders translated religious lyrics into English.
Use this pattern (leaders translating religious songs) to plausibly include Tilak as a candidate and then check catalogs/author attributions for 'Songs from Prison'.
Nehru comments on the wide circulation of 'popular translations and paraphrases' of ancient epics among the masses, showing his awareness of and engagement with translated Indian religious literature.
A student could use this pattern (Nehru's familiarity with and citation of translations) to check whether Nehru himself produced or was linked to any specific English translations such as 'Songs from Prison'.
The snippet cites an example of an Indian figure (Sri Aurobindo) translating a stanza ('translation of the first stanza... reproduced'), indicating a precedent of Indian leaders/intellectuals translating religious songs into English.
Knowing that prominent Indian leaders did translations, a student could search whether Nehru is among those known to have translated or introduced such works like 'Songs from Prison'.
This snippet names a work authored by Nehru ('The Discovery of India'), establishing that Nehru wrote and published substantial works about Indian culture and history.
From Nehru's authorship pattern, a student could investigate his bibliography for any translation projects or editorial involvement with collections of religious lyrics.
The fragment 'Jawaharlal Nehru, for instance, wrote in' suggests Nehru routinely wrote commentary or prose, reinforcing that he engaged in written discourse.
A student could follow this cue to look up Nehru's published writings and correspondence to see if 'Songs from Prison' appears among them or is mentioned.
This snippet describes Nehru's broad intellectual influences (European streams and Indian traditions) and tours across regions, implying he had exposure to diverse cultural texts.
Using this pattern, a student might consider whether his intellectual milieu made it likely he would translate or endorse translations of Indian religious lyrics, then verify via bibliographic sources.
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Notes Gandhi's imprisonment and release (Feb 1924), which establishes he spent time in prison โ a plausible context for works titled 'Songs from Prison'.
A student could check if any translations or writings attributed to Gandhi were produced during or about his prison terms to see if he authored or commissioned such a book.
Gives an example of contemporary translation work (Sri Aurobindo's translation of a stanza), showing that translating religious songs into English was an active practice among Indian intellectuals of the period.
Use this pattern to investigate whether Gandhi or his circle produced similar English translations of religious lyrics, such as a work titled 'Songs from Prison'.
States Gandhi's interest in language (faith in composite Hindustani), indicating he paid attention to linguistic and cultural matters and could plausibly have been involved in or supported translation projects.
Combine this with knowledge of Gandhi's writings to look for any translation activity or endorsements linking him to English renderings of Indian religious texts.
Describes Gandhi's promotion of harmony between religions and engagement with religious issues, which connects him thematically to works concerning 'ancient Indian religious lyrics'.
A student could search Gandhi's published works or the writings of his associates for translations or compilations of religious songs he might have supported or been associated with.
Summarises Gandhi's public life and reformist activities, implying a broad body of writings and public engagements from which a translation project by or linked to him might emerge.
Use bibliographies of Gandhi's published works and prison writings (not present here) to check for titles like 'Songs from Prison' or translated lyric collections.
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Shows that translating Sanskrit/Indian religious texts into English was an established practice (example: first English translation of the Bhagavad Gita in 1785).
A student could use this pattern to check bibliographies/catalogues for English translations titled "Songs from Prison" or comparable Victorian/colonial-era translations.
Gives a concrete example (the Ain) of important Indian works being translated into English and published in series โ demonstrating institutional precedents for English translations of Indian texts.
One could search library series (e.g., Bibliotheca Indica) or publisher records to see if "Songs from Prison" appears among English translations.
Describes compilation and circulation of religious/poetic anthologies (e.g., Nalayira Divya Prabhandam, Panniru Tirumurai) and later printed anthologies of mystic poets, indicating source-materials that translators might render into English.
Use knowledge of which Indian religious poetic corpora were translated to see whether "Songs from Prison" corresponds to any known anthology.
Lists Sarojini Naidu among prominent intellectual-political figures associated with Gandhi (establishing her public prominence in early 20th-century India).
Given her prominence, a student could check her known bibliography or contemporary press/biographies to see if she authored or translated literary works such as "Songs from Prison."
Notes Sarojini Naidu's leadership roles and public activity (e.g., Congress president), suggesting she was a well-documented public figure whose literary activities would likely be recorded.
Search authoritative biographical sources, library catalogues, or published collections of her works to confirm or refute an association with a translation titled "Songs from Prison."
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- [THE VERDICT]: Bouncer. This specific title is rarely mentioned in standard modern history textbooks. It usually appears in culture modules or specific biographies of Gandhi.
- [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: Literary Works of National Leaders (Theme: Intellectual Resistance in Prison).
- [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize these Prison Works: 1) Tilak: 'Gita Rahasya' (Mandalay), 'Arctic Home in the Vedas'. 2) Nehru: 'Discovery of India' (Ahmednagar), 'Glimpses of World History'. 3) Maulana Azad: 'Ghubar-e-Khatir' (Ahmednagar). 4) Gandhi: 'My Experiments with Truth' (Yeravada), 'Songs from Prison' (Yeravada - for Mirabehn). 5) Savarkar: 'Hindutva' (Ratnagiri).
- [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Do not just memorize journals (Young India, Kesari). Create a dedicated table for 'Books Authored' vs 'Books Translated'. UPSC loves asking about the lesser-known cultural/spiritual writings of political giants.
This tab shows concrete study steps: what to underline in books, how to map current affairs, and how to prepare for similar questions.
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Tilak edited Kesari and Mahratta and used newspapers to spread nationalist ideas.
High-yield for questions on the role of the vernacular press in the nationalist movement; links to broader topics of public opinion, political mobilisation and communication strategies of early nationalists. Enables answers about methods leaders used to reach mass audiences and the importance of print culture in anti-colonial politics.
- History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 1: Rise of Nationalism in India > d) Contributions of Early Nationalists (1885โ1915) > p. 11
Tilak mobilised Hindus through religious symbols and the Ganapati festival to build anti-colonial consciousness.
Important for questions on the social basis of nationalism and communal mobilisation; connects to studies of religious symbolism in politics, cultural mobilisation, and communalism. Helps in analysing strategies of mass mobilisation and subsequent communal tensions.
- History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 6: Communalism in Nationalist Politics > g) Weak-kneed Policy of the Congress > p. 75
Tilak was prosecuted, convicted and given rigorous imprisonment (e.g., 18 months), which made him a national figure.
Useful for questions on repressive colonial legislation, sedition trials and their political consequences; links to legal tools used against the press and leaders, and the making of political martyrs. Enables framing of cause-effect questions about British repression and nationalist radicalisation.
- Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 29: Development of Indian Press > Development of Indian Press โซ 561 > p. 561
- Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 29: Development of Indian Press > 560 โซ A Brief History of Modern India > p. 560
Nehru wrote major works such as The Discovery of India, demonstrating his authorship and engagement with Indian history and thought.
High-yield for UPSC because questions probe leaders' intellectual contributions and primary writings; connects to modern Indian history, polity and cultural understanding. Knowing leaders' publications helps answer questions about their ideas, ideology and influence.
- Modern India ,Bipin Chandra, History class XII (NCERT 1982 ed.)[Old NCERT] > Chapter 15: Struggle for Swaraj > Post-War Struggle > p. 305
Popular translations and paraphrases of epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata provided mass access to religious and moral literature.
Important for culture and society topics: explains how translations shape mass literacy and cultural transmission, links to questions on social cohesion, vernacularisation and the spread of religious-cultural texts.
- Exploring Society:India and Beyond. Social Science-Class VI . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 8: Unity in Diversity, or 'Many in the One' > Questions, activities and projects > p. 136
Nehru's intellectual framework influenced the new nation's commitment to democracy, secularism and development, reflecting his engagement with diverse traditions.
Crucial for modern Indian history and polity: helps answer questions on policymaking, ideological foundations of the Indian state, and leaders' role in nation-building; links to constitutional debates and post-1947 governance.
- Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 38: Developments under Nehruโs Leadership (1947-64) > Developments under Nehru's Leadership (1947-64) > p. 635
Gandhi developed his leadership and methods while living and organising in South Africa before returning to India.
High-yield: explains the origins and chronology of Gandhian methods and leadership; connects to questions on formative influences on Indian nationalist leaders and comparative leadership trajectories. Mastering this helps answer biographical chronology and causeโeffect questions about why Gandhi adopted particular tactics.
- History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Advent of Gandhi and Mass Mobilisation > Introduction > p. 42
- Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 15: Emergence of Gandhi > Early Career and Experiments with Truth in South Africa > p. 312
- THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART III, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 11: MAHATMA GANDHI AND THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT > 1. A Leader Announces Himself > p. 287
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Maulana Abul Kalam Azad's 'Ghubar-e-Khatir'. It is a collection of letters written in Urdu during his imprisonment in Ahmednagar Fort (1942โ45), similar to how Nehru wrote 'Discovery of India' in the same jail.
Use 'Persona Profiling'. Tilak was a scholar-academic (Commentaries/History). Nehru was a historian/rationalist (Prose/History). Naidu was an *original* poet in English (not a translator of ancient texts). Gandhi was a practicing devotee who sang bhajans daily and had English disciples (Mirabehn). Translating 'religious lyrics' into English fits Gandhi's need to communicate Indian spirituality to his Western followers.
Ethics (GS-4): This book highlights the role of 'Spiritual Sustenance' in leadership. Gandhi used religious lyrics to maintain morale and ethical clarity during incarceration, a case study in emotional intelligence.
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