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Q7 (IAS/2023) Geography › World Human & Economic Geography › World mineral resources Official Key

About three-fourths of world's cobalt, a metal required for the manufacture of batteries for electric motor vehicles, is produced by

Result
Your answer:  ·  Correct: C
Explanation

The correct answer is option C: the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).

74% of the world's cobalt comes from Congolese mines[1], which clearly establishes that approximately three-fourths of global cobalt production originates from the DRC. This is further corroborated by data showing that almost 70% of the world's cobalt came from the DRC in 2022[2], and in 2019 alone, DRC provided about 70 percent of global cobalt output, producing about 100,000 tons of cobalt compared to approximately 140,000 tons for the rest of the world[3]. Cobalt is indeed a critical raw material for manufacturing batteries used in electric vehicles, making the DRC's dominant position in global cobalt supply strategically significant. None of the other countries listed—Argentina, Botswana, or Kazakhstan—are major cobalt producers, making them incorrect options. The DRC's geological advantage and extensive mining operations have established it as the world's leading cobalt producer by a significant margin.

Sources
  1. [1] https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2024/757828/EPRS_ATA(2024)757828_EN.pdf
  2. [3] https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099500001312236438/pdf/P1723770a0f570093092050c1bddd6a29df.pdf
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Q. About three-fourths of world's cobalt, a metal required for the manufacture of batteries for electric motor vehicles, is produced by [A]…
At a glance
Origin: Mixed / unclear origin Fairness: Low / Borderline fairness Books / CA: 0/10 · 0/10

This is a 'Sitter' disguised as a geography question. It sits at the intersection of Static Geography (Mineral distribution) and Current Affairs (EV Battery supply chains). While standard books mention DRC's deposits, the 'three-fourths' statistic is a headline fact from the global debate on critical mineral security.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
What percentage of the world's cobalt production in 2023 was produced by Argentina?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > copper > p. 31
Strength: 5/5
“Chile; Percentage of Total Production: 34.8 • Country: 2. United States; Percentage of Total Production: 8.8 • Country: 3. Indonesia; Percentage of Total Production: 7.9 • Country: 4. Australia; Percentage of Total Production: 6.3 • Country: 5. Peru; Percentage of Total Production: 5.9 USA is about 9 per cent, followed by Indonesia (7.9 %), Australia (6.3 %) and Peru about (5.9 %). In Chile Braden, El Teniente and Chuquicamata, in U.S.A. Arizona, Utah, Montana, Nevada, and New Mexico are the leading producing states of copper. Te Russia copper mines lie in Urals, and Balkhash. Te main mining centres of copper in the world in given in Table 9.19.”
Why relevant

Shows how the book reports mineral production as country shares (e.g., copper: Chile 34.8%, others listed).

How to extend

A student could use this pattern to look up a similar table for cobalt (e.g., USGS or UN data) and compare Argentina's share to major listed producers.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > Table 9.16 Major Manganese Producing Countries > p. 29
Strength: 4/5
“• Country: 1. South Africa; Percentage of Total Production: 30 • Country: 2. Australia; Percentage of Total Production: 25 • Country: 3. China; Percentage of Total Production: 18 • Country: 4. Brazil; Percentage of Total Production: 10 • Country: 5. Gabon; Percentage of Total Production: 06 • Country: 6. Ukraine; Percentage of Total Production: 05 • Country: 7. India; Percentage of Total Production: 04 • Country: 8.”
Why relevant

Another example of a mineral (manganese) presented as percentage shares by country, illustrating that some minerals have a small set of dominant producing countries.

How to extend

Use the idea that minerals often concentrate in a few countries to check whether Argentina appears among the top cobalt producers in authoritative 2023 datasets.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > natural gas as a Resource > p. 19
Strength: 4/5
“• Country: 1. Russia; Percentage of Total Production: 22.8 • Country: 2. United States (USA); Percentage of Total Production: 20.7 • Country: 3. Canada; Percentage of Total Production: 7.1 • Country: 4. United Kingdom (U.K.); Percentage of Total Production: 3.9”
Why relevant

Natural gas table again demonstrates the book's consistent format of listing leading producers and their percent shares, implying the need to consult a comparable list for cobalt.

How to extend

Apply the same method: find a 2023 producer-share list for cobalt and see if Argentina is listed and what percent it has.

Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 26: Agriculture > World Productlon and Dirtrlbutlon > p. 258
Strength: 3/5
“(a) The world's output of wool is around 3 million tonnes, mainly from temperate grasslands (1977 figures) (b) Australia is the leading producer and exporter (10Vo). (c) The U.S.S.R. is next in wool production (190). (d) New Zealand (12Vo), Argentina (6.5Vo), and S. Africa (4Vo) arc other major wool producers.”
Why relevant

Shows Argentina appears in some world-production tables (wool: Argentina 6.5%), implying the country's presence is noted where it is a significant producer.

How to extend

If Argentina is absent from mineral tables in the same reference style, a student could infer it is unlikely to be a major cobalt producer and should verify with 2023 cobalt statistics.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > lead > p. 33
Strength: 3/5
“Guinea; Percentage of Total Production: 10.0 • Country: 6. Surinam; Percentage of Total Production: 5.5 • Country: 7. Russia; Percentage of Total Production: 3.5 • Country: 8. Guyana; Percentage of Total Production: 2.5 • Country: 9. U.S.A.; Percentage of Total Production: 1.5 • Country: 10. France; Percentage of Total Production: 0.5”
Why relevant

Lead production table lists top producing countries with percentages, illustrating that specific metals have distinct producer lists and Argentina is not shown among these lead leaders.

How to extend

By analogy, check whether Argentina appears among the top cobalt-producing countries in 2023 lists — absence would suggest a very small share.

Statement 2
What percentage of the world's cobalt production in 2023 was produced by Botswana?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > Table 9.16 Major Manganese Producing Countries > p. 29
Strength: 4/5
“• Country: 1. South Africa; Percentage of Total Production: 30 • Country: 2. Australia; Percentage of Total Production: 25 • Country: 3. China; Percentage of Total Production: 18 • Country: 4. Brazil; Percentage of Total Production: 10 • Country: 5. Gabon; Percentage of Total Production: 06 • Country: 6. Ukraine; Percentage of Total Production: 05 • Country: 7. India; Percentage of Total Production: 04 • Country: 8.”
Why relevant

Table shows how textbooks list major mineral producers with explicit percentage shares (e.g., manganese: South Africa 30%, Australia 25%, China 18%).

How to extend

A student could use this pattern to look for a similar authoritative table for cobalt (or note that if Botswana were a major cobalt producer it would likely appear with a significant percentage).

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > copper > p. 31
Strength: 4/5
“Chile; Percentage of Total Production: 34.8 • Country: 2. United States; Percentage of Total Production: 8.8 • Country: 3. Indonesia; Percentage of Total Production: 7.9 • Country: 4. Australia; Percentage of Total Production: 6.3 • Country: 5. Peru; Percentage of Total Production: 5.9 USA is about 9 per cent, followed by Indonesia (7.9 %), Australia (6.3 %) and Peru about (5.9 %). In Chile Braden, El Teniente and Chuquicamata, in U.S.A. Arizona, Utah, Montana, Nevada, and New Mexico are the leading producing states of copper. Te Russia copper mines lie in Urals, and Balkhash. Te main mining centres of copper in the world in given in Table 9.19.”
Why relevant

Example for copper gives precise global shares (Chile 34.8%, USA 8.8%, etc.), illustrating that single countries often hold large shares for a metal.

How to extend

Knowing that some metals are concentrated in a few countries, a student can check whether Botswana is listed among top cobalt producers (if not, its share is likely small).

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > uranium > p. 37
Strength: 4/5
“9.13). Te largest uranium deposit is located at the Olympic Dam Mine in western South Australia (Fig. 9.13). In India, uranium is found in Singhbhum and Hazaribagh districts of Jharkhand, Gaya district of Bihar and in the sedimentary rocks of Saharanpur district of Uttar Pradesh. in the World • Country: 1. Canada; Percentage of Total Production: 30.1 • Country: 2. Australia; Percentage of Total Production: 20.9 • Country: 3. Kazakhstan; Percentage of Total Production: 8.8 • Country: 4. Niger; Percentage of Total Production: 8.5 • Country: 5. Russia; Percentage of Total Production: 8.3 Table 9.23 Uranium-Leading Consumers in the World • Country: 1.”
Why relevant

Uranium table similarly lists top producers with large percentages (Canada 30.1%, Australia 20.9%), reinforcing the pattern that major producers are explicitly named with their percent shares.

How to extend

Apply the same expectation to cobalt: consult a comparable table or data source; absence of Botswana from such a list would imply a negligible share.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > natural gas as a Resource > p. 19
Strength: 3/5
“• Country: 1. Russia; Percentage of Total Production: 22.8 • Country: 2. United States (USA); Percentage of Total Production: 20.7 • Country: 3. Canada; Percentage of Total Production: 7.1 • Country: 4. United Kingdom (U.K.); Percentage of Total Production: 3.9”
Why relevant

Natural gas example lists world shares with leading producers (Russia 22.8%, USA 20.7%), showing a consistent textbook approach for presenting global production concentration.

How to extend

Use this consistent reporting convention: if Botswana had a notable cobalt percentage in 2023, standard references would likely show it among leaders.

Statement 3
What percentage of the world's cobalt production in 2023 was produced by the Democratic Republic of the Congo?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 30: Climatic Regions > Mineral resources > p. 429
Strength: 5/5
“• Gold, copper, diamonds and oil are important resources that are found in rainforests around the world. Extracting these natural resources is a destructive activity that damages the rainforest ecosystem (resource curse). Examples are: • gold mining in the Brazilian and Peruvian Amazon,• rare earth mining in the Congo (cobalt mining in recent times Congo's rich red earth has the world's largest known deposit of cobalt, a key metal in the lithium-ion batteries),• gold and copper mining in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, and• Oil and gas development in Ecuador, Venezuela and Peru ― some of the world's most promising oil and gas deposits lie deep in tropical rainforests.”
Why relevant

States that Congo's soils contain the world's largest known deposit of cobalt and that cobalt mining in recent times is centred in the Congo — indicating DRC is a primary source of cobalt.

How to extend

A student could combine this with current global production maps or recent news/industry reports to infer DRC likely supplies a very large share of world cobalt in 2023.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > copper > p. 31
Strength: 4/5
“Chile; Percentage of Total Production: 34.8 • Country: 2. United States; Percentage of Total Production: 8.8 • Country: 3. Indonesia; Percentage of Total Production: 7.9 • Country: 4. Australia; Percentage of Total Production: 6.3 • Country: 5. Peru; Percentage of Total Production: 5.9 USA is about 9 per cent, followed by Indonesia (7.9 %), Australia (6.3 %) and Peru about (5.9 %). In Chile Braden, El Teniente and Chuquicamata, in U.S.A. Arizona, Utah, Montana, Nevada, and New Mexico are the leading producing states of copper. Te Russia copper mines lie in Urals, and Balkhash. Te main mining centres of copper in the world in given in Table 9.19.”
Why relevant

Gives an example (copper) where a single country (Chile) produces a very large share (~34.8%) of world production, illustrating that one country can account for a large portion of a metal's global output.

How to extend

Use this pattern to see it is plausible for DRC to supply a comparably large percentage of cobalt; check 2023 cobalt production statistics to confirm magnitude.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > natural gas as a Resource > p. 19
Strength: 3/5
“• Country: 1. Russia; Percentage of Total Production: 22.8 • Country: 2. United States (USA); Percentage of Total Production: 20.7 • Country: 3. Canada; Percentage of Total Production: 7.1 • Country: 4. United Kingdom (U.K.); Percentage of Total Production: 3.9”
Why relevant

Shows how the book presents leading-producer percentages (e.g., Russia 22.8% of natural gas), illustrating the typology and scale often used when reporting commodity shares.

How to extend

A student can use this to frame expectations (leading producers often supply ~20–30%) and then compare with external 2023 cobalt data to judge DRC's share.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > uranium > p. 37
Strength: 3/5
“9.13). Te largest uranium deposit is located at the Olympic Dam Mine in western South Australia (Fig. 9.13). In India, uranium is found in Singhbhum and Hazaribagh districts of Jharkhand, Gaya district of Bihar and in the sedimentary rocks of Saharanpur district of Uttar Pradesh. in the World • Country: 1. Canada; Percentage of Total Production: 30.1 • Country: 2. Australia; Percentage of Total Production: 20.9 • Country: 3. Kazakhstan; Percentage of Total Production: 8.8 • Country: 4. Niger; Percentage of Total Production: 8.5 • Country: 5. Russia; Percentage of Total Production: 8.3 Table 9.23 Uranium-Leading Consumers in the World • Country: 1.”
Why relevant

Provides another example of country share reporting (uranium: Canada 30.1%, Australia 20.9%), reinforcing that major producers commonly account for multi‑decade percentages of world supply.

How to extend

This pattern supports reasoning that if DRC is the largest cobalt deposit holder, its share could be in the tens of percent; verify using a 2023 production breakdown.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > iron ore > p. 26
Strength: 2/5
“India; Percentage of Total Production: 9.6 • Country: 5. Russia; Percentage of Total Production: 5.8 • Country: 6. Ukraine; Percentage of Total Production: 4.10 • Country: 7. U.S.A.; Percentage of Total Production: 2.9 • Country: 8. South Africa; Percentage of Total Production: 2.3 • Country: 9. Canada; Percentage of Total Production: 1.9 • Country: 10. Others; Percentage of Total Production: 8.0”
Why relevant

Shows the book's frequent use of ranked tables listing countries and their percent of world production for various minerals, implying the resource to look up cobalt would follow the same format.

How to extend

A student could seek the corresponding cobalt table or contemporary statistical source presented similarly to obtain the exact 2023 percentage for DRC.

Statement 4
What percentage of the world's cobalt production in 2023 was produced by Kazakhstan?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > uranium > p. 37
Strength: 5/5
“9.13). Te largest uranium deposit is located at the Olympic Dam Mine in western South Australia (Fig. 9.13). In India, uranium is found in Singhbhum and Hazaribagh districts of Jharkhand, Gaya district of Bihar and in the sedimentary rocks of Saharanpur district of Uttar Pradesh. in the World • Country: 1. Canada; Percentage of Total Production: 30.1 • Country: 2. Australia; Percentage of Total Production: 20.9 • Country: 3. Kazakhstan; Percentage of Total Production: 8.8 • Country: 4. Niger; Percentage of Total Production: 8.5 • Country: 5. Russia; Percentage of Total Production: 8.3 Table 9.23 Uranium-Leading Consumers in the World • Country: 1.”
Why relevant

Shows the book gives country percentage shares for specific minerals and lists Kazakhstan as a named producer (e.g., uranium 8.8%).

How to extend

A student could seek the equivalent table/entry for cobalt (in the same style) or compare known major cobalt producers to judge whether Kazakhstan is likely to have a large share in 2023.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > copper > p. 31
Strength: 4/5
“Chile; Percentage of Total Production: 34.8 • Country: 2. United States; Percentage of Total Production: 8.8 • Country: 3. Indonesia; Percentage of Total Production: 7.9 • Country: 4. Australia; Percentage of Total Production: 6.3 • Country: 5. Peru; Percentage of Total Production: 5.9 USA is about 9 per cent, followed by Indonesia (7.9 %), Australia (6.3 %) and Peru about (5.9 %). In Chile Braden, El Teniente and Chuquicamata, in U.S.A. Arizona, Utah, Montana, Nevada, and New Mexico are the leading producing states of copper. Te Russia copper mines lie in Urals, and Balkhash. Te main mining centres of copper in the world in given in Table 9.19.”
Why relevant

Example of the book's format for mineral production shares (country-ranked percentages for copper).

How to extend

Use this pattern to expect a similar ranked list exists for cobalt; then consult an authoritative cobalt production ranking (e.g., UN/USGS) to test Kazakhstan's share.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > Table 9.16 Major Manganese Producing Countries > p. 29
Strength: 3/5
“• Country: 1. South Africa; Percentage of Total Production: 30 • Country: 2. Australia; Percentage of Total Production: 25 • Country: 3. China; Percentage of Total Production: 18 • Country: 4. Brazil; Percentage of Total Production: 10 • Country: 5. Gabon; Percentage of Total Production: 06 • Country: 6. Ukraine; Percentage of Total Production: 05 • Country: 7. India; Percentage of Total Production: 04 • Country: 8.”
Why relevant

Another concrete example of country percentage shares for a mineral (manganese), showing consistency of reporting percentage-of-world totals.

How to extend

Apply the same approach: find the world's cobalt-producing-country percentage table and compare Kazakhstan's entry (if present) to evaluate the statement.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > natural gas as a Resource > p. 15
Strength: 3/5
“9.5, while the leading producers and consumers have been given in Tables 9.7 – 9.9. It may be seen from Table 9.7 that Russia with a percentage share of 22.8 is the leading producer of natural gas, followed by U.S.A. (20.7%), Canada (7.1%), U.K. (3.9%) and Algeria (3.1%). Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and”
Why relevant

Illustrates that the source consistently reports world-production percentage shares for energy/mineral resources (natural gas example).

How to extend

A student could reasonably expect similarly-structured data for cobalt in global production reports and use them (or global maps of deposits) to estimate Kazakhstan's cobalt share.

Pattern takeaway: UPSC frames geography questions based on industrial relevance. The pattern is: Emerging Tech -> Required Raw Material -> Global Supplier -> India's Import Dependency. Always trace the supply chain of the 'Technology of the Year'.
How you should have studied
  1. [THE VERDICT]: Sitter. Covered in PMF IAS (Pg. 429) and every major current affairs module discussing the 'Green Energy Transition'.
  2. [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: Distribution of Key Natural Resources (GS-1) linked to Future Industries (EVs/Semiconductors).
  3. [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Map the 'Battery Minerals': Lithium (Australia produces most; 'Lithium Triangle' of Argentina-Bolivia-Chile has reserves), Nickel (Indonesia dominates), Rare Earths (China dominates), and Platinum (South Africa).
  4. [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Stop memorizing 1990s data on Iron and Coal. Shift focus to 'Strategic & Critical Minerals'. If a mineral is essential for National Security or Climate Change (Lithium, Cobalt, Silicon, Graphite), you must know the global #1 producer.
Concept hooks from this question
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Reading percentage shares in mineral-production tables
💡 The insight

Determining a country's share of world production requires reading percentage-of-total-production entries in commodity tables.

High-yield for resource geography: exam items often ask for country shares or require comparison of producers. Mastering this lets you extract numerical shares quickly and compare across countries and commodities.

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > copper > p. 31
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > Table 9.16 Major Manganese Producing Countries > p. 29
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > lead > p. 33
🔗 Anchor: "What percentage of the world's cobalt production in 2023 was produced by Argenti..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Commodity-specific producer ranking
💡 The insight

Each mineral has its own ranked list of top producing countries, so assessing Argentina's cobalt role needs knowledge of cobalt-specific rankings.

Important for questions on global resource distribution, trade implications, and strategic minerals; connects to topics like mining, exports, and geopolitical resource dependence.

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > copper > p. 31
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > Table 9.16 Major Manganese Producing Countries > p. 29
🔗 Anchor: "What percentage of the world's cobalt production in 2023 was produced by Argenti..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Confirm the data year & commodity before using a figure
💡 The insight

Production percentages change over time and differ by commodity, so the year (e.g., 2023) and the specific mineral (cobalt) must match the data used.

Prevents misuse of outdated or mismatched statistics in answers; essential for temporal-comparison questions and for sourcing correct recent figures in essays and prelims/MAINS answers.

📚 Reading List :
  • Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 26: Agriculture > World Productlon and Dirtrlbutlon > p. 258
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > copper > p. 31
🔗 Anchor: "What percentage of the world's cobalt production in 2023 was produced by Argenti..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Interpreting percentage shares of world mineral production
💡 The insight

Questions about a country's share of global output are answered by reading percentage-share tables for specific minerals.

High-yield for geography and resource-economy questions: knowing how to read and compare percentage-share tables lets aspirants identify dominant producers and quantify their global importance. It links to topics on resource distribution, trade dependence, and geopolitical leverage, and helps in answering MCQs and data-interpretation questions.

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > Table 9.16 Major Manganese Producing Countries > p. 29
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > copper > p. 31
🔗 Anchor: "What percentage of the world's cobalt production in 2023 was produced by Botswan..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Identifying leading producer countries and their ranks
💡 The insight

Many resource tables list top producing countries with rank and percent — identifying rank helps place a country’s production in global context.

Useful for prelims and mains where candidates must recall or infer which countries dominate particular minerals; connects to regional studies, economic geography, and policy questions about supply security. Practising this reduces errors in elimination-style questions.

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > copper > p. 31
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > uranium > p. 37
🔗 Anchor: "What percentage of the world's cobalt production in 2023 was produced by Botswan..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Comparing resource-specific production patterns across minerals
💡 The insight

Different minerals have different global concentration patterns — some are dominated by one country, others are more distributed; recognizing patterns aids estimation questions about shares.

Helps in synthesizing resource distribution with development, trade and diplomacy topics. Mastery enables answering comparative questions (e.g., which mineral is more concentrated) and supports argumentation in mains answers on resource management.

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > Table 9.16 Major Manganese Producing Countries > p. 29
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > uranium > p. 37
🔗 Anchor: "What percentage of the world's cobalt production in 2023 was produced by Botswan..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S3
👉 Geographic concentration of strategic minerals (cobalt focus)
💡 The insight

The Democratic Republic of the Congo contains the world's largest known cobalt deposits and is central to global cobalt supply.

High-yield for questions on mineral resources, energy transition and resource geopolitics; helps explain supply-chain vulnerabilities and policy responses. Links to manufacturing, trade and international relations questions about critical raw materials.

📚 Reading List :
  • Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 30: Climatic Regions > Mineral resources > p. 429
🔗 Anchor: "What percentage of the world's cobalt production in 2023 was produced by the Dem..."
🌑 The Hidden Trap

Indonesia's Nickel Ban. Just as DRC controls Cobalt, Indonesia controls Nickel (vital for batteries) and banned ore exports to force domestic processing. Also, watch out for 'KABIL' (Khanij Bidesh India Ltd) acquisitions in Argentina (Lithium).

⚡ Elimination Cheat Code

Use the 'Country Brand' association. Argentina = Lithium (Triangle). Botswana = Diamonds (Orapa/Jwaneng mines). Kazakhstan = Uranium (World's largest producer). By simple association, only DRC remains for Cobalt, fitting the 'resource curse' narrative often discussed in African geography.

🔗 Mains Connection

Link this to GS-2 (International Relations): The 'Mineral Security Partnership' (MSP) led by the US (which India joined) aims to break the dependence on specific countries (like China's refining monopoly) for these exact minerals.

✓ Thank you! We'll review this.

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