Question map
About three-fourths of world's cobalt, a metal required for the manufacture of batteries for electric motor vehicles, is produced by
Explanation
The correct answer is option C: the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).
74% of the world's cobalt comes from Congolese mines[1], which clearly establishes that approximately three-fourths of global cobalt production originates from the DRC. This is further corroborated by data showing that almost 70% of the world's cobalt came from the DRC in 2022[2], and in 2019 alone, DRC provided about 70 percent of global cobalt output, producing about 100,000 tons of cobalt compared to approximately 140,000 tons for the rest of the world[3]. Cobalt is indeed a critical raw material for manufacturing batteries used in electric vehicles, making the DRC's dominant position in global cobalt supply strategically significant. None of the other countries listed—Argentina, Botswana, or Kazakhstan—are major cobalt producers, making them incorrect options. The DRC's geological advantage and extensive mining operations have established it as the world's leading cobalt producer by a significant margin.
Sources- [1] https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2024/757828/EPRS_ATA(2024)757828_EN.pdf
- [3] https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099500001312236438/pdf/P1723770a0f570093092050c1bddd6a29df.pdf
PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
Full viewThis is a 'Sitter' disguised as a geography question. It sits at the intersection of Static Geography (Mineral distribution) and Current Affairs (EV Battery supply chains). While standard books mention DRC's deposits, the 'three-fourths' statistic is a headline fact from the global debate on critical mineral security.
This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.
- Statement 1: What percentage of the world's cobalt production in 2023 was produced by Argentina?
- Statement 2: What percentage of the world's cobalt production in 2023 was produced by Botswana?
- Statement 3: What percentage of the world's cobalt production in 2023 was produced by the Democratic Republic of the Congo?
- Statement 4: What percentage of the world's cobalt production in 2023 was produced by Kazakhstan?
Shows how the book reports mineral production as country shares (e.g., copper: Chile 34.8%, others listed).
A student could use this pattern to look up a similar table for cobalt (e.g., USGS or UN data) and compare Argentina's share to major listed producers.
Another example of a mineral (manganese) presented as percentage shares by country, illustrating that some minerals have a small set of dominant producing countries.
Use the idea that minerals often concentrate in a few countries to check whether Argentina appears among the top cobalt producers in authoritative 2023 datasets.
Natural gas table again demonstrates the book's consistent format of listing leading producers and their percent shares, implying the need to consult a comparable list for cobalt.
Apply the same method: find a 2023 producer-share list for cobalt and see if Argentina is listed and what percent it has.
Shows Argentina appears in some world-production tables (wool: Argentina 6.5%), implying the country's presence is noted where it is a significant producer.
If Argentina is absent from mineral tables in the same reference style, a student could infer it is unlikely to be a major cobalt producer and should verify with 2023 cobalt statistics.
Lead production table lists top producing countries with percentages, illustrating that specific metals have distinct producer lists and Argentina is not shown among these lead leaders.
By analogy, check whether Argentina appears among the top cobalt-producing countries in 2023 lists — absence would suggest a very small share.
Table shows how textbooks list major mineral producers with explicit percentage shares (e.g., manganese: South Africa 30%, Australia 25%, China 18%).
A student could use this pattern to look for a similar authoritative table for cobalt (or note that if Botswana were a major cobalt producer it would likely appear with a significant percentage).
Example for copper gives precise global shares (Chile 34.8%, USA 8.8%, etc.), illustrating that single countries often hold large shares for a metal.
Knowing that some metals are concentrated in a few countries, a student can check whether Botswana is listed among top cobalt producers (if not, its share is likely small).
Uranium table similarly lists top producers with large percentages (Canada 30.1%, Australia 20.9%), reinforcing the pattern that major producers are explicitly named with their percent shares.
Apply the same expectation to cobalt: consult a comparable table or data source; absence of Botswana from such a list would imply a negligible share.
Natural gas example lists world shares with leading producers (Russia 22.8%, USA 20.7%), showing a consistent textbook approach for presenting global production concentration.
Use this consistent reporting convention: if Botswana had a notable cobalt percentage in 2023, standard references would likely show it among leaders.
States that Congo's soils contain the world's largest known deposit of cobalt and that cobalt mining in recent times is centred in the Congo — indicating DRC is a primary source of cobalt.
A student could combine this with current global production maps or recent news/industry reports to infer DRC likely supplies a very large share of world cobalt in 2023.
Gives an example (copper) where a single country (Chile) produces a very large share (~34.8%) of world production, illustrating that one country can account for a large portion of a metal's global output.
Use this pattern to see it is plausible for DRC to supply a comparably large percentage of cobalt; check 2023 cobalt production statistics to confirm magnitude.
Shows how the book presents leading-producer percentages (e.g., Russia 22.8% of natural gas), illustrating the typology and scale often used when reporting commodity shares.
A student can use this to frame expectations (leading producers often supply ~20–30%) and then compare with external 2023 cobalt data to judge DRC's share.
Provides another example of country share reporting (uranium: Canada 30.1%, Australia 20.9%), reinforcing that major producers commonly account for multi‑decade percentages of world supply.
This pattern supports reasoning that if DRC is the largest cobalt deposit holder, its share could be in the tens of percent; verify using a 2023 production breakdown.
Shows the book's frequent use of ranked tables listing countries and their percent of world production for various minerals, implying the resource to look up cobalt would follow the same format.
A student could seek the corresponding cobalt table or contemporary statistical source presented similarly to obtain the exact 2023 percentage for DRC.
Shows the book gives country percentage shares for specific minerals and lists Kazakhstan as a named producer (e.g., uranium 8.8%).
A student could seek the equivalent table/entry for cobalt (in the same style) or compare known major cobalt producers to judge whether Kazakhstan is likely to have a large share in 2023.
Example of the book's format for mineral production shares (country-ranked percentages for copper).
Use this pattern to expect a similar ranked list exists for cobalt; then consult an authoritative cobalt production ranking (e.g., UN/USGS) to test Kazakhstan's share.
Another concrete example of country percentage shares for a mineral (manganese), showing consistency of reporting percentage-of-world totals.
Apply the same approach: find the world's cobalt-producing-country percentage table and compare Kazakhstan's entry (if present) to evaluate the statement.
Illustrates that the source consistently reports world-production percentage shares for energy/mineral resources (natural gas example).
A student could reasonably expect similarly-structured data for cobalt in global production reports and use them (or global maps of deposits) to estimate Kazakhstan's cobalt share.
- [THE VERDICT]: Sitter. Covered in PMF IAS (Pg. 429) and every major current affairs module discussing the 'Green Energy Transition'.
- [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: Distribution of Key Natural Resources (GS-1) linked to Future Industries (EVs/Semiconductors).
- [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Map the 'Battery Minerals': Lithium (Australia produces most; 'Lithium Triangle' of Argentina-Bolivia-Chile has reserves), Nickel (Indonesia dominates), Rare Earths (China dominates), and Platinum (South Africa).
- [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Stop memorizing 1990s data on Iron and Coal. Shift focus to 'Strategic & Critical Minerals'. If a mineral is essential for National Security or Climate Change (Lithium, Cobalt, Silicon, Graphite), you must know the global #1 producer.
Determining a country's share of world production requires reading percentage-of-total-production entries in commodity tables.
High-yield for resource geography: exam items often ask for country shares or require comparison of producers. Mastering this lets you extract numerical shares quickly and compare across countries and commodities.
- Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > copper > p. 31
- Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > Table 9.16 Major Manganese Producing Countries > p. 29
- Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > lead > p. 33
Each mineral has its own ranked list of top producing countries, so assessing Argentina's cobalt role needs knowledge of cobalt-specific rankings.
Important for questions on global resource distribution, trade implications, and strategic minerals; connects to topics like mining, exports, and geopolitical resource dependence.
- Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > copper > p. 31
- Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > Table 9.16 Major Manganese Producing Countries > p. 29
Production percentages change over time and differ by commodity, so the year (e.g., 2023) and the specific mineral (cobalt) must match the data used.
Prevents misuse of outdated or mismatched statistics in answers; essential for temporal-comparison questions and for sourcing correct recent figures in essays and prelims/MAINS answers.
- Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 26: Agriculture > World Productlon and Dirtrlbutlon > p. 258
- Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > copper > p. 31
Questions about a country's share of global output are answered by reading percentage-share tables for specific minerals.
High-yield for geography and resource-economy questions: knowing how to read and compare percentage-share tables lets aspirants identify dominant producers and quantify their global importance. It links to topics on resource distribution, trade dependence, and geopolitical leverage, and helps in answering MCQs and data-interpretation questions.
- Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > Table 9.16 Major Manganese Producing Countries > p. 29
- Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > copper > p. 31
Many resource tables list top producing countries with rank and percent — identifying rank helps place a country’s production in global context.
Useful for prelims and mains where candidates must recall or infer which countries dominate particular minerals; connects to regional studies, economic geography, and policy questions about supply security. Practising this reduces errors in elimination-style questions.
- Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > copper > p. 31
- Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > uranium > p. 37
Different minerals have different global concentration patterns — some are dominated by one country, others are more distributed; recognizing patterns aids estimation questions about shares.
Helps in synthesizing resource distribution with development, trade and diplomacy topics. Mastery enables answering comparative questions (e.g., which mineral is more concentrated) and supports argumentation in mains answers on resource management.
- Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > Table 9.16 Major Manganese Producing Countries > p. 29
- Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > uranium > p. 37
The Democratic Republic of the Congo contains the world's largest known cobalt deposits and is central to global cobalt supply.
High-yield for questions on mineral resources, energy transition and resource geopolitics; helps explain supply-chain vulnerabilities and policy responses. Links to manufacturing, trade and international relations questions about critical raw materials.
- Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 30: Climatic Regions > Mineral resources > p. 429
Indonesia's Nickel Ban. Just as DRC controls Cobalt, Indonesia controls Nickel (vital for batteries) and banned ore exports to force domestic processing. Also, watch out for 'KABIL' (Khanij Bidesh India Ltd) acquisitions in Argentina (Lithium).
Use the 'Country Brand' association. Argentina = Lithium (Triangle). Botswana = Diamonds (Orapa/Jwaneng mines). Kazakhstan = Uranium (World's largest producer). By simple association, only DRC remains for Cobalt, fitting the 'resource curse' narrative often discussed in African geography.
Link this to GS-2 (International Relations): The 'Mineral Security Partnership' (MSP) led by the US (which India joined) aims to break the dependence on specific countries (like China's refining monopoly) for these exact minerals.