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Q30 (IAS/2023) International Relations & Global Affairs › International Organisations & Groupings › United Nations system Official Key

Consider the following infrastructure sectors : 1. Affordable housing 2. Mass rapid transport 3. Health care 4. Renewable energy On how many of the above does UNOPS Sustainable Investments in Infrastructure and Innovation (S3i) initiative focus for its investments?

Result
Your answer: —  Âˇ  Correct: C
Explanation

The correct answer is Option 3 (Only three).

The UNOPS Sustainable Investments in Infrastructure and Innovation (S3i) initiative is designed to bridge the gap between the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and private sector investment. It focuses on large-scale infrastructure projects in three specific priority sectors:

  • Affordable Housing: Aiming to provide sustainable and scalable housing solutions.
  • Renewable Energy: Investing in solar, wind, and other clean energy sources to mitigate climate change.
  • Health Care: Focusing on health infrastructure, such as hospitals and clinics, to improve accessibility.

While Mass Rapid Transport is a vital component of sustainable urban development under the broader SDGs, it is not one of the three core thematic pillars explicitly defined by the S3i initiative for its direct investment portfolio. Therefore, out of the four sectors listed, only three (Affordable Housing, Renewable Energy, and Health Care) are the primary focus areas for S3i investments.

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Q. Consider the following infrastructure sectors : 1. Affordable housing 2. Mass rapid transport 3. Health care 4. Renewable energy On …
At a glance
Origin: Mostly Current Affairs Fairness: Low / Borderline fairness Books / CA: 0/10 ¡ 10/10
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This is a 'Current Affairs Bouncer' targeting a specific arm (S3i) of a UN body (UNOPS). Standard textbooks cover infrastructure broadly (PPPs, NIIF), but the specific mandate of S3i is pure current affairs. It tests if you distinguish between 'Heavy Economic Infrastructure' (Rail/Ports) and 'Social/Impact Infrastructure' (Housing/Health).

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
Does the UNOPS Sustainable Investments in Infrastructure and Innovation (S3i) initiative focus its investments on affordable housing?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"the Chief Executive, UNOPS Sustainable Investments in Infrastructure and Innovation (S3i) Initiative, stressed that quality was paramount in the three pillars of UNOPS work: affordable housing, renewable energy, and health infrastructure."
Why this source?
  • Explicitly names 'affordable housing' as one of the three pillars of S3i's work.
  • Links S3i directly to infrastructure priorities, indicating investment focus areas.
Web source
Presence: 5/5
"UNOPS Sustainable Investments in Infrastructure and Innovation (S3i) is dedicated to making the SDGs a reality by investing with meaningful and measurable impact in affordable housing, renewable"
Why this source?
  • Directly states S3i invests with measurable impact in 'affordable housing'.
  • Frames affordable housing as a core investment area alongside renewable energy.

Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 14: Infrastructure and Investment Models > Smart Cities, Economic and Inclusive growth > p. 437
Strength: 4/5
“The "Housing for All" scheme which plans to provide 2 crore houses by 2022" to the poor and marginalized section will lead to better living standards for the poor and economic growth.”
Why relevant

Identifies 'Housing for All' as an explicit government infrastructure programme targeted at poor and marginalized groups, treating housing as an infrastructure investment.

How to extend

A student could use this pattern—that multilateral/UN-backed infrastructure initiatives often include housing—to check whether S3i's remit or portfolio lists housing or aligns with 'housing as infrastructure'.

Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 15: Infrastructure > 15.2 Indian Economy > p. 438
Strength: 3/5
“Infrastructure refers to those basic facilities which facilitate socio-economic development and lend a helping hand to the production activities in the economy. Prominent features of infrastructure include: • Physical infrastructure services have an element of public good in them. ä• Infrastructure does possess externalities; that is, the benefit arrived out of the G infrastructure services exceeds the cost involved in its generation.• Public sector domination can be found in the infrastructural development sector. However, public-private partnership (PPP) projects are being promoted with the initiatives of the government. As per World Economic Forum, worldwide investment in infrastructure is expected to be US$ 79 trillion by 2040. • Economic Infrastructure: It refers to all the facilities like power, transport and communication which act as a support system to the economic growth process.”
Why relevant

Defines infrastructure broadly (power, transport, communication) and notes infrastructure has public-good elements and externalities, implying housing could be considered within socio-economic infrastructure.

How to extend

A student could extend this definition to ask whether S3i's definition of 'infrastructure' includes social/economic infrastructure like affordable housing.

Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 14: Infrastructure and Investment Models > Financing of Smart Cities: > p. 435
Strength: 3/5
“The Smart City Mission is operated as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) where Central Government contribution is matched by States and Urban Local Bodies (ULB). But these funds meet only a part of the project cost. Balance funds are expected to be mobilized from: • States/ULBs own resources from collection of user fees, land monetization, loans etc• Additional resources transferred through Fourteenth Finance Commission• Innovative finance mechanisms such as municipal bonds• Borrowings from financial institutions, including bilateral and multilateral institutions• Private sector through PPPs”
Why relevant

Lists financing sources for urban infrastructure projects (state resources, multilateral/bilateral institutions, private sector via PPPs), indicating how housing projects are typically funded.

How to extend

Using this financing pattern, a student could examine S3i funding channels (e.g., engages multilaterals/PPPs) to see if they match typical affordable housing finance mechanisms.

Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 15: Infrastructure > begin{array}{c|c} \hline 2017 \\ \hline \end{array} > p. 466
Strength: 3/5
“\begin{array}{c|c} \hline 2017 \\ \hline \end{array} • 4. With reference to 'National Investment and Infrastructure Fund', which of the following statements is/are correct? • 1. It is an organ of NITI Aayog. • 2. It has a corpus of ₹4,00,000 crore at present. Select the correct answer using the code given below: • (a) 1 only • (b) 2 only • (d) Neither 1 nor 2 • (c) Both 1 and 2 • 5. The Global Infrastructure Facility is a/an: • (a) ASEAN initiative to upgrade infrastructure in Asia and financed by credit from the Asian Development Bank. • (b) World Bank collaboration that facilitates the preparation and structuring of complex infrastructure public-private partnerships (PPPs) to enable mobilisation of private sector and institutional investor capital”
Why relevant

Describes the Global Infrastructure Facility as a World Bank collaboration that prepares/structures complex PPPs to mobilize private capital for infrastructure projects.

How to extend

A student could infer that initiatives working through or alongside such multilateral PPP-facilitating bodies may target sectors (including housing) that require complex structuring, and then check S3i's partnerships/sector focus.

Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 15: Infrastructure > FUNDING OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND VARIOUS MODELS > p. 439
Strength: 2/5
“Funding of infrastructure is done through heavy investments. The various models of investment are: • Public Investment Model: In such a model, the government invests from its resources. • Private Investment Model: Investment coming through private companies and institutions come under private investment; it includes both domestic and foreign investment. • Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Model: This model aims at implementing the o. government programmes in partnership with the private sector. There are various variants of PPP model (discussed in Chapter 20).”
Why relevant

Summarizes common investment models for infrastructure (public, private, PPP), showing the range of mechanisms used to deliver infrastructure projects.

How to extend

A student could compare S3i's operational model to these common models to assess whether its likely investments include capital-intensive social infrastructure like affordable housing.

Statement analysis

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Statement analysis

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Statement analysis

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