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Q13 (IAS/2024) Geography › World Physical Geography › World climatic regions Official Key

Consider the following description : 1. Annual and daily range of temperatures is low. 2. Precipitation occurs throughout the year. 3. Precipitation varies between 50 cm - 250 cm. What is this type of climate ?

Result
Your answer: —  ·  Correct: D
Explanation

The correct answer is option D - Marine West coast climate.

Marine West Coast climate has small annual and daily ranges of temperature, precipitation occurs throughout the year, and precipitation varies greatly from 50-250 cm.[1] This matches all three characteristics given in the question.

While equatorial climates also have low temperature ranges and year-round precipitation, their precipitation is always above 150 cm (between 1,524 mm and 2,540 mm)[3], which doesn't match the wider range of 50-250 cm mentioned in the question. China type climate has a great annual temperature range[4], contradicting the first condition. Humid subtropical climate, while having annual precipitation varying from 75-150 cm[5] and small daily range of temperature[5], doesn't fully encompass the 50-250 cm precipitation range. Marine West Coast climate is located poleward from the Mediterranean climate on the west coast of continents, with main areas being Northwestern Europe, west coast of North America, southern Chile, southeastern Australia and New Zealand.[1]

Sources
  1. [1] FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 11: World Climate and Climate Change > Marine West Coast Climate (Cfb) > p. 94
  2. [2] Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 30: Climatic Regions > Precipitation > p. 425
  3. [3] Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 15: The Hot, Wet Equatorial Climate > Glimate > p. 151
  4. [4] Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 21: The Warm Temperate Eastern Margin (China Type) Climate > Climate > p. 199
  5. [5] FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 11: World Climate and Climate Change > Humid Subtropical (Cfa) Climate > p. 94
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Q. Consider the following description : 1. Annual and daily range of temperatures is low. 2. Precipitation occurs throughout the year. 3. P…
At a glance
Origin: Mixed / unclear origin Fairness: High fairness Books / CA: 8/10 · 0/10
Statement 1
Do equatorial climates have a low annual and low diurnal (daily) temperature range?
Origin: Direct from books Fairness: Straightforward Book-answerable
From standard books
Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 15: The Hot, Wet Equatorial Climate > Glimate > p. 150
Presence: 5/5
“Temperature. The most outstanding feature of an equatorial climate is its great uniformity of temper- Nature throughout the year. The mean monthly temperatures are always around 27 °C (80 °F) with very little variation. There is no winter. Cloudiness and heavy precipitation help to moderate the daily temperature, so that even at the equator itself, the climate is not unbearable. In addition, regular land and sea breezes assist in maintaining a truly equable climate. The diurnal range of temperature is small, and so is the annual range. Figs. 15.2(a) and (b) show the rhythm of climate experienced in two different equatorial regions, one on a lowland (Kuala Lumpur) and the other on a highland (Bogota).”
Why this source?
  • Explicitly describes equatorial climate as having great uniformity of temperature year‑round with mean monthly temperatures around 27°C and very little variation.
  • States that diurnal range is small and annual range is also small, citing moderating factors like cloudiness and heavy precipitation.
Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 30: Climatic Regions > Temperature > p. 425
Presence: 5/5
“• Cloudiness, heavy precipitation and regular land and sea breezes (on-shore trade winds) moderate the daily (diurnal) temperature maintaining a truly equable climate (narrow diurnal range of temperature).• The mean diurnal and monthly temperatures are always around 27°C with very little variation.”
Why this source?
  • Explains that cloudiness, heavy precipitation and regular land/sea breezes moderate daily temperature, producing a narrow diurnal range.
  • Notes mean diurnal and monthly temperatures remain around 27°C with very little variation, supporting low annual range as well.
FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 11: World Climate and Climate Change > Group A : Tropical Humid Climates > p. 92
Presence: 5/5
“Tropical humid climates exist between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. The sun being overhead throughout the year and the presence of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) make the climate hot and humid. Annual range of temperature is very low and annual rainfall is high. The tropical group is divided into three types, namely (i) Af- Tropical wet climate; (ii) Am - Tropical monsoon climate; (iii) Aw- Tropical wet and dry climate.”
Why this source?
  • States that tropical humid (including equatorial) climates have a very low annual range of temperature due to the sun being overhead throughout the year and ITCZ influence.
  • Links the low annual temperature variability directly to the equatorial/tropical location.
Statement 2
Do equatorial climates receive precipitation throughout the year (year-round)?
Origin: Direct from books Fairness: Straightforward Book-answerable
From standard books
Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 30: Climatic Regions > Precipitation > p. 425
Presence: 5/5
“• Heavy thunderstorms (cumulonimbus clouds) occur almost every afternoon. Precipitation is heavy and well distributed throughout the year with an annual average always above 150 cm. In some regions, the annual average may be as high as 250-300 cm.• There is no month without rain (a distinct dry season is absent) and the monthly average is above 6 cm most of the time.• There are two periods of maximum rainfall, April and October (shortly after the equinox due to the passing of ITCZ). The least rainfall occurs in June and December (solstice: the sun and the ITCZ are farthest from the equator).• The double rainfall peaks coinciding with the equinoxes are typical to equatorial climates (not found in any other type of climate).”
Why this source?
  • Explicitly asserts 'no month without rain' and absence of a distinct dry season in equatorial regions
  • Describes heavy precipitation that is 'well distributed throughout the year' with clear monthly averages
Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 15: The Hot, Wet Equatorial Climate > Glimate > p. 151
Presence: 5/5
“4°C (0. 8 "F). Precipitation. Precipitation is heavy, between "1. 524 mm and 2 540 mm (60 inches and 100 inches), and well distributed throughout the year. There is no month without rain, and a distinct dry season like those of the Savanna or the Tropical Monsoon Climates, is absent. Instead, there are two periods of maximum rainfall, in April and October as shown in Fig. 15.2(a) and (b), which occur shortly after the equinoxes. Least rain falls at the June and December solstices The end of the year and Rangoon, Burma, from the South-West Monsoon between June and September.”
Why this source?
  • Specifies heavy annual precipitation and that 'there is no month without rain' in the equatorial climate
  • Notes lack of a distinct dry season and the presence of two rainfall peaks rather than a dry period
Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 24: Hydrological Cycle (Water Cycle) > World Distribution of Rainfall > p. 341
Presence: 4/5
“Rainfall along the Western Ghats.• On the basis of the total amount of annual precipitation, major precipitation regimes of the world are identified as follows: • The equatorial belt, the windward slopes of the mountains along the western coasts in the cool temperate zone and the coastal areas of the monsoon land receive heavy rainfall of over 200 cm per annum.• Interior continental areas receive moderate rainfall varying from 100-200 cm per annum.• The coastal areas of the continents receive a moderate amount of rainfall.• The central parts of the tropical land and the eastern and interior parts of the temperate lands receive rainfall varying between 50-100 cm per annum.• Areas lying in the rain shadow zone of the interior of the continents and high latitudes receive very low rainfall ― less than 50 cm per annum.• In some regions rainfall is distributed evenly throughout the year such as in the equatorial belt and in the western parts of cool temperate regions.”
Why this source?
  • Classifies the equatorial belt as receiving heavy rainfall and explicitly groups it with regions where rainfall is distributed evenly through the year
  • Provides a precipitation-regime perspective linking the equatorial belt to year-round rainfall patterns
Statement 3
Is the typical annual precipitation in equatorial climates between 50 cm and 250 cm?
Origin: Direct from books Fairness: Straightforward Book-answerable
From standard books
Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 30: Climatic Regions > Precipitation > p. 431
Presence: 5/5
“• Annual mean rainfall ranges from 200-250 cm. In some regions, it is around 350 cm.• Places like Cherrapunji and Mawsynram receive an annual rainfall of about 1000 cm.• Cherrapunji and Mawsynram (wettest places on earth by annual rainfall ― a little over 1150 cm per year) lie on the windward side of the Meghalaya hills, so the resulting orographic lift (orographic rainfall) enhances precipitation. Also, they are located between mountains which enhances cloud concentration due to the funnelling effect.”
Why this source?
  • Gives an explicit annual mean rainfall range for equatorial areas of about 200–250 cm.
  • Notes that some places exceed this but places the typical mean within the upper part of the 50–250 cm band.
Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 30: Climatic Regions > Precipitation > p. 425
Presence: 4/5
“• Heavy thunderstorms (cumulonimbus clouds) occur almost every afternoon. Precipitation is heavy and well distributed throughout the year with an annual average always above 150 cm. In some regions, the annual average may be as high as 250-300 cm.• There is no month without rain (a distinct dry season is absent) and the monthly average is above 6 cm most of the time.• There are two periods of maximum rainfall, April and October (shortly after the equinox due to the passing of ITCZ). The least rainfall occurs in June and December (solstice: the sun and the ITCZ are farthest from the equator).• The double rainfall peaks coinciding with the equinoxes are typical to equatorial climates (not found in any other type of climate).”
Why this source?
  • States annual averages are always above 150 cm and in some regions may reach 250–300 cm.
  • Describes year‑round heavy precipitation with no distinct dry month, implying totals well above 50 cm.
Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 30: Climatic Regions > Explanation: > p. 474
Presence: 4/5
“• Equatorial Type & Monsoon Type Rainfall > 150 cm; Hot Desert Type Rainfall < 25 cm; Humid Subtropical Type Moderate Rainfall with a summer maxima and fairly uniform distribution throughout the year and the mean monthly temperature varies between 4 °C and 25 °C.”
Why this source?
  • Classifies equatorial rainfall as greater than 150 cm, placing typical values well inside the 50–250 cm interval.
  • Groups equatorial with other high‑rainfall types, supporting a high typical annual total.
Statement 4
Do China type climates have a low annual and low diurnal (daily) temperature range?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 21: The Warm Temperate Eastern Margin (China Type) Climate > Climate > p. 199
Strength: 5/5
“In fact, less than 210 mm (8.4 inches) are recorded in Nanjing (Nanking) during the cold season from October to February. Another characteristic feature of the Chinatype of eastern margin climate is the great annual temperature range. Another climatic feature associated with the China type of climate in southern China is the occurrence of typhoons—intense tropical cyclones that originate in the Pacific Ocean, and move westwards to the coastlands bordering the South China Sea. They are most frequent in'late summer, from July Fi1.21.2(al Warm Temperature Eastern Margin Climate in the northern hemisphere (China-type) Place: Nanjing (Nanking). China (32" N. 119'E) Altitude: 1 0 metres (34 feet) Annual precipitation 1067 mm (42 inches) Annual temperature range: 25 °C (27'-2 °Cy45 °F (81°-36 °F)”
Why relevant

Gives a direct example (Nanjing) and states that the China-type eastern margin climate has a 'great annual temperature range'.

How to extend

A student could map Nanjing and other China-type locations to see if this example generalizes across the China-type belt.

Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 30: Climatic Regions > The Asiatic Region > p. 462
Strength: 4/5
“• Rainfall distribution of the Asiatic region is far less uniform when compared to the North American Region. Winters are cold and very dry while summers are very warm and exceptionally wet. The rainfall regime resembles the tropical monsoon type in India.• Intense heating in the interior of China in summer creates a region of low-pressure, and moisture-laden winds from the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan blow in as the South-East Monsoon. Thus, the Laurentian type of climate in China is often described as the cool temperate monsoon climate.• It has a very long, cold winter, and a large annual range of temperature.”
Why relevant

Describes the Asiatic/China (Laurentian) type as having 'a very long, cold winter, and a large annual range of temperature' due to continental monsoon dynamics.

How to extend

Combine this rule with a map of continental interiors and monsoon influence to assess whether China-type areas should show large annual ranges.

Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 21: Horizontal Distribution of Temperature > ity (far from the moderating effect of the seas). > p. 288
Strength: 5/5
“• Diurnal (daily) and annual range of temperatures are highest in the interiors of continents due to continentality.• Diurnal and annual range of temperatures are least in oceans because of high specific heat and mixing.• The northern hemisphere is warmer because of the predominance of land over water in the north.• Low-temperature gradients are observed over the tropics (the sun is almost overhead the entire year).• High-temperature gradients are observed over middle and higher latitudes (insolation decreases substantially polewards in the middle and higher latitudes and the sun's apparent path varies significantly from season to season).”
Why relevant

States the general rule that diurnal and annual temperature ranges are highest in continental interiors (continentality) and lowest over oceans.

How to extend

Locate China-type regions relative to the sea (coastal vs interior) to infer expected diurnal/annual ranges using the continentality rule.

Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 30: Climatic Regions > Temperature > p. 425
Strength: 4/5
“• Cloudiness, heavy precipitation and regular land and sea breezes (on-shore trade winds) moderate the daily (diurnal) temperature maintaining a truly equable climate (narrow diurnal range of temperature).• The mean diurnal and monthly temperatures are always around 27°C with very little variation.”
Why relevant

Explains that cloudiness, heavy precipitation and onshore breezes moderate daily temperatures, producing a narrow diurnal range.

How to extend

Check whether China-type locations experience frequent cloudiness/monsoonal rains or clear continental conditions to judge likely diurnal range.

Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 33: Ocean temperature and salinity > Range of Ocean Temperature > p. 517
Strength: 3/5
“• The oceans and seas get heated and cooled slower than the land surfaces. Therefore, ocean surface temperature is highest at 2 p.m. and the lowest, at 5 a.m.• The average diurnal or daily range of temperature is barely 1 degree in oceans and seas. The annual range of temperature is influenced by the annual variation of insolation, the nature of ocean currents and the prevailing winds.• The maximum and the minimum temperatures in oceans are slightly delayed than those of land areas (the maximum being in August and the minimum in February (tropical cyclones occur mostly between August and October.”
Why relevant

Shows oceans have very small diurnal range (~1°C) and that proximity to ocean currents/winds influences annual range.

How to extend

Use proximity to the Pacific/sea influence for China-type coasts versus inland areas to predict whether diurnal and annual ranges are moderated.

Statement 5
Do China type climates receive precipitation throughout the year (year-round)?
Origin: Direct from books Fairness: Straightforward Book-answerable
From standard books
Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 30: Climatic Regions > Explanation: > p. 474
Presence: 5/5
“So (a) China Type is the answer. • Month: January; Temp (°C): 6.7; Rainfall (cm): 14.0 • Month: February; Temp (°C): 6.7; Rainfall (cm): 13.2 • Month: March; Temp (°C): 7.2; Rainfall (cm): 11.4 • Month: April; Temp (°C): 8.9; Rainfall (cm): 9.4 • Month: May; Temp (°C): 8.1; Rainfall (cm): 11.1 • Month: June; Temp (°C): 13.9; Rainfall (cm): 8.1 • Month: July; Temp (°C): 15.0; Rainfall (cm): 9.6 • Month: August; Temp (°C): 15.0; Rainfall (cm): 12.2 • Month: Septem; Temp (°C): 13.9; Rainfall (cm): 10.4 • Month: ber; Temp (°C): ; Rainfall (cm): • Month: October; Temp (°C): 11.1; Rainfall (cm): 14.4 • Month: Novem; Temp (°C): ; Rainfall (cm): • Month: ber; Temp (°C): 8.9; Rainfall (cm): 14.0 • Month: Decem; Temp (°C): 7.8; Rainfall (cm): 16.8 • Month: ber; Temp (°C): ; Rainfall (cm): • China Type and Laurentian Type rainfall occur throughout the year with summer maxima.”
Why this source?
  • Contains monthly rainfall data showing non-zero precipitation in every month for a China-type location.
  • Explicitly notes China-type rainfall occurs throughout the year with a summer (monsoon) maximum.
Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 21: The Warm Temperate Eastern Margin (China Type) Climate > Climate > p. 199
Presence: 4/5
“In fact, less than 210 mm (8.4 inches) are recorded in Nanjing (Nanking) during the cold season from October to February. Another characteristic feature of the Chinatype of eastern margin climate is the great annual temperature range. Another climatic feature associated with the China type of climate in southern China is the occurrence of typhoons—intense tropical cyclones that originate in the Pacific Ocean, and move westwards to the coastlands bordering the South China Sea. They are most frequent in'late summer, from July Fi1.21.2(al Warm Temperature Eastern Margin Climate in the northern hemisphere (China-type) Place: Nanjing (Nanking). China (32" N. 119'E) Altitude: 1 0 metres (34 feet) Annual precipitation 1067 mm (42 inches) Annual temperature range: 25 °C (27'-2 °Cy45 °F (81°-36 °F)”
Why this source?
  • Reports measurable cold-season (October–February) precipitation in Nanjing (<210 mm), demonstrating winter rainfall.
  • Provides a quantified annual precipitation context that supports presence of rainfall outside the summer months.
Statement 6
Is the typical annual precipitation in China type climates between 50 cm and 250 cm?
Origin: Direct from books Fairness: Straightforward Book-answerable
From standard books
FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 11: World Climate and Climate Change > Humid Subtropical (Cfa) Climate > p. 94
Presence: 5/5
“year. They occur in eastern United States of America, southern and eastern China, southern Japan, northeastern Argentina, coastal south Africa and eastern coast of Australia. The annual averages of precipitation vary from 75-150 cm. Thunderstorms in summer and frontal precipitation in winter are common. Mean monthly temperature in summer is around 27°C, and in winter it varies from 5°-12° C. The daily range of temperature is small.”
Why this source?
  • Defines humid subtropical (covers southern & eastern China) annual precipitation as 75–150 cm.
  • That stated range lies well inside the 50–250 cm band in the question.
Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 21: The Warm Temperate Eastern Margin (China Type) Climate > Climate > p. 199
Presence: 5/5
“In fact, less than 210 mm (8.4 inches) are recorded in Nanjing (Nanking) during the cold season from October to February. Another characteristic feature of the Chinatype of eastern margin climate is the great annual temperature range. Another climatic feature associated with the China type of climate in southern China is the occurrence of typhoons—intense tropical cyclones that originate in the Pacific Ocean, and move westwards to the coastlands bordering the South China Sea. They are most frequent in'late summer, from July Fi1.21.2(al Warm Temperature Eastern Margin Climate in the northern hemisphere (China-type) Place: Nanjing (Nanking). China (32" N. 119'E) Altitude: 1 0 metres (34 feet) Annual precipitation 1067 mm (42 inches) Annual temperature range: 25 °C (27'-2 °Cy45 °F (81°-36 °F)”
Why this source?
  • Gives a China-type location (Nanjing) annual precipitation of 1067 mm (≈106.7 cm).
  • This concrete example falls squarely within 50–250 cm.
Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 30: Climatic Regions > Explanation: > p. 474
Presence: 4/5
“So (a) China Type is the answer. • Month: January; Temp (°C): 6.7; Rainfall (cm): 14.0 • Month: February; Temp (°C): 6.7; Rainfall (cm): 13.2 • Month: March; Temp (°C): 7.2; Rainfall (cm): 11.4 • Month: April; Temp (°C): 8.9; Rainfall (cm): 9.4 • Month: May; Temp (°C): 8.1; Rainfall (cm): 11.1 • Month: June; Temp (°C): 13.9; Rainfall (cm): 8.1 • Month: July; Temp (°C): 15.0; Rainfall (cm): 9.6 • Month: August; Temp (°C): 15.0; Rainfall (cm): 12.2 • Month: Septem; Temp (°C): 13.9; Rainfall (cm): 10.4 • Month: ber; Temp (°C): ; Rainfall (cm): • Month: October; Temp (°C): 11.1; Rainfall (cm): 14.4 • Month: Novem; Temp (°C): ; Rainfall (cm): • Month: ber; Temp (°C): 8.9; Rainfall (cm): 14.0 • Month: Decem; Temp (°C): 7.8; Rainfall (cm): 16.8 • Month: ber; Temp (°C): ; Rainfall (cm): • China Type and Laurentian Type rainfall occur throughout the year with summer maxima.”
Why this source?
  • Provides monthly rainfall values for a 'China Type' profile which sum to roughly 145 cm annually.
  • The summed annual total is within the 50–250 cm interval.
Statement 7
Do humid subtropical climates have a low annual and low diurnal (daily) temperature range?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 11: World Climate and Climate Change > Group A : Tropical Humid Climates > p. 92
Strength: 4/5
“Tropical humid climates exist between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. The sun being overhead throughout the year and the presence of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) make the climate hot and humid. Annual range of temperature is very low and annual rainfall is high. The tropical group is divided into three types, namely (i) Af- Tropical wet climate; (ii) Am - Tropical monsoon climate; (iii) Aw- Tropical wet and dry climate.”
Why relevant

States that tropical humid climates (between the Tropics) have a very low annual range of temperature and high rainfall — an example of humid climates with low annual variability.

How to extend

A student could contrast the latitude/position of humid subtropical zones with tropical humid zones on a world map to judge whether the same low annual range likely applies.

Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 30: Climatic Regions > 30.2. A – Tropical Humid Climates > p. 423
Strength: 4/5
“• Tropical humid climates exist between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. The sun is almost overhead throughout the year, and the presence of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) makes the climate hot and humid with the annual range of temperature being very low, and annual rainfall high.• The tropical group is divided into three types, namely • 1) Af Tropical wet climate• 2) Am Tropical monsoon climate• 3) Aw Tropical wet and dry climate Tropical Wet Climate (Af: A – Tropical, f – no dry season)”
Why relevant

Reiterates that tropical humid climates (ITCZ influence) are hot, humid and have very low annual temperature range — gives a pattern linking humidity, persistent overhead sun, and low annual range.

How to extend

Compare the driving mechanisms named (ITCZ, overhead sun) with those in humid subtropical regions to assess if the same causes of low annual range are present.

Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 21: Horizontal Distribution of Temperature > ity (far from the moderating effect of the seas). > p. 288
Strength: 5/5
“• Diurnal (daily) and annual range of temperatures are highest in the interiors of continents due to continentality.• Diurnal and annual range of temperatures are least in oceans because of high specific heat and mixing.• The northern hemisphere is warmer because of the predominance of land over water in the north.• Low-temperature gradients are observed over the tropics (the sun is almost overhead the entire year).• High-temperature gradients are observed over middle and higher latitudes (insolation decreases substantially polewards in the middle and higher latitudes and the sun's apparent path varies significantly from season to season).”
Why relevant

Gives a general rule: diurnal and annual temperature ranges are smallest over oceans and in the tropics, and largest in continental interiors.

How to extend

A student could locate humid subtropical areas (coastal vs interior) and their maritime influence to infer likely diurnal/annual ranges from this coastal vs continental rule.

Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 30: Climatic Regions > Temperature > p. 425
Strength: 5/5
“• Cloudiness, heavy precipitation and regular land and sea breezes (on-shore trade winds) moderate the daily (diurnal) temperature maintaining a truly equable climate (narrow diurnal range of temperature).• The mean diurnal and monthly temperatures are always around 27°C with very little variation.”
Why relevant

Explains mechanisms that reduce diurnal range — cloudiness, heavy precipitation and land/sea breezes produce a narrow daily range in humid climates.

How to extend

Check whether humid subtropical regions exhibit these moderating features (frequent cloud/precipitation or maritime breezes) to infer expected diurnal range.

Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 15: The Hot, Wet Equatorial Climate > Glimate > p. 150
Strength: 4/5
“Temperature. The most outstanding feature of an equatorial climate is its great uniformity of temper- Nature throughout the year. The mean monthly temperatures are always around 27 °C (80 °F) with very little variation. There is no winter. Cloudiness and heavy precipitation help to moderate the daily temperature, so that even at the equator itself, the climate is not unbearable. In addition, regular land and sea breezes assist in maintaining a truly equable climate. The diurnal range of temperature is small, and so is the annual range. Figs. 15.2(a) and (b) show the rhythm of climate experienced in two different equatorial regions, one on a lowland (Kuala Lumpur) and the other on a highland (Bogota).”
Why relevant

Describes equatorial climate where both diurnal and annual ranges are small due to uniform insolation, cloudiness and sea breezes — an example linking humidity and low ranges.

How to extend

Use this as an example of the processes that produce low ranges and then evaluate if humid subtropical climates share similar processes (they may differ in latitude/seasonality).

Statement 8
Do humid subtropical climates receive precipitation throughout the year (year-round)?
Origin: Direct from books Fairness: Straightforward Book-answerable
From standard books
Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 30: Climatic Regions > Explanation: > p. 474
Presence: 5/5
“• Equatorial Type & Monsoon Type Rainfall > 150 cm; Hot Desert Type Rainfall < 25 cm; Humid Subtropical Type Moderate Rainfall with a summer maxima and fairly uniform distribution throughout the year and the mean monthly temperature varies between 4 °C and 25 °C.”
Why this source?
  • Describes humid subtropical type as having moderate rainfall with a summer maximum and a fairly uniform distribution throughout the year.
  • Directly links seasonal temperature range with year-round precipitation pattern, supporting the idea of precipitation in all seasons.
Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 30: Climatic Regions > Precipitation > p. 453
Presence: 5/5
“• Rainfall is more than moderate, anything from 60 cm to 150 cm. This is adequate for all agricultural purposes and hence supports a wide range of crops. Hence areas which experience this climate are very densely populated.• There is a fairly uniform distribution of rainfall throughout the year. Rain comes either from convectional sources or as orographic rain in summer, or from depressions in prolonged showers in winter.• In summer, the regions are under the influence of moist, maritime airflow from the subtropical anticyclonic cells. Local storms, e.g. typhoons, and hurricanes occur.”
Why this source?
  • Explicitly notes a fairly uniform distribution of rainfall throughout the year.
  • Explains mechanisms: convectional/orographic rains in summer and depressions producing prolonged winter showers, implying precipitation in both seasons.
Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 30: Climatic Regions > Precipitation > p. 461
Presence: 5/5
“• Rainfall occurs throughout the year with summer maxima (easterly winds from the oceans bring rains). Annual rainfall ranges from 75 to 150 cm (two-thirds of rainfall occurs in the summer). Dry westerlies that blow from continental interiors dominate winters.”
Why this source?
  • States that rainfall occurs throughout the year with a summer maximum and gives an annual range (75–150 cm), indicating substantial year-round precipitation.
  • Notes seasonal dominance shifts (two-thirds in summer; dry westerlies in winter), reinforcing that winters still receive precipitation (albeit reduced).
Statement 9
Is the typical annual precipitation in humid subtropical climates between 50 cm and 250 cm?
Origin: Direct from books Fairness: Straightforward Book-answerable
From standard books
FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 11: World Climate and Climate Change > Humid Subtropical (Cfa) Climate > p. 94
Presence: 5/5
“year. They occur in eastern United States of America, southern and eastern China, southern Japan, northeastern Argentina, coastal south Africa and eastern coast of Australia. The annual averages of precipitation vary from 75-150 cm. Thunderstorms in summer and frontal precipitation in winter are common. Mean monthly temperature in summer is around 27°C, and in winter it varies from 5°-12° C. The daily range of temperature is small.”
Why this source?
  • Gives an explicit annual precipitation range for Humid Subtropical (Cfa) climate of 75–150 cm.
  • The stated range lies clearly within 50–250 cm, directly supporting the claim.
Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 30: Climatic Regions > Precipitation > p. 453
Presence: 5/5
“• Rainfall is more than moderate, anything from 60 cm to 150 cm. This is adequate for all agricultural purposes and hence supports a wide range of crops. Hence areas which experience this climate are very densely populated.• There is a fairly uniform distribution of rainfall throughout the year. Rain comes either from convectional sources or as orographic rain in summer, or from depressions in prolonged showers in winter.• In summer, the regions are under the influence of moist, maritime airflow from the subtropical anticyclonic cells. Local storms, e.g. typhoons, and hurricanes occur.”
Why this source?
  • Specifies rainfall for the relevant climate as roughly 60–150 cm (described as 'more than moderate').
  • This numeric band also falls well inside the 50–250 cm interval, reinforcing the statement.
Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 4: Climate of India > 3. The Humid South-East > p. 40
Presence: 5/5
“This climate spreads over the greater part of West Bengal, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and parts of Andhra Pardesh. It records an average annual rainfall between 100–200 cm. The mean July temperature varies between 25°C to 35°C, while the mean January temperature reads between 12°C–27°C.”
Why this source?
  • Reports average annual rainfall for the humid south-east region as 100–200 cm.
  • That regional value is comfortably within the 50–250 cm range, providing additional support.
Statement 10
Do Marine West Coast climates have a low annual and low diurnal (daily) temperature range?
Origin: Direct from books Fairness: Straightforward Book-answerable
From standard books
FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 11: World Climate and Climate Change > Marine West Coast Climate (Cfb) > p. 94
Presence: 5/5
“Marine west coast climate is located poleward from the Mediterranean climate on the west coast of the continents. The main areas are: Northwestern Europe, west coast of North America, north of California, southern Chile, southeastern Australia and New Zealand. Due to marine influence, the temperature is moderate and in winter, it is warmer than for its latitude. The mean temperature in summer months ranges from 15°-20°C and in winter 4°-10°C. The annual and daily ranges of temperature are small. Precipitation occurs throughout the year. Precipitation varies greatly from 50-250cm.”
Why this source?
  • Explicit statement that marine west coast climate has moderate temperatures with mean summer 15–20°C and winter 4–10°C
  • Direct claim that the annual and daily ranges of temperature are small for this climate type
FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 13: Movements of Ocean Water > Effects of Ocean Currents > p. 112
Presence: 5/5
“Ocean currents have a number of direct and indirect influences on human activities. West coasts of the continents in tropical and subtropical latitudes (except close to the equator) are bordered by cool waters. Their average temperatures are relatively low with a narrow diurnal and annual ranges. There is fog, but generally the areas are arid. West coasts of the continents in the middle and higher latitudes are bordered by warm waters which cause a distinct marine climate. They are characterised by cool summers and relatively mild winters with a narrow annual range of temperatures. Warm currents flow parallel to the east coasts of the continents in tropical and subtropical latitudes.”
Why this source?
  • Notes west coasts in middle/higher latitudes have a distinct marine climate with cool summers, mild winters and a narrow annual range
  • Specifies west coasts (tropical/subtropical except equator) have relatively low average temperatures with a narrow diurnal and annual range
Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 21: Horizontal Distribution of Temperature > ity (far from the moderating effect of the seas). > p. 288
Presence: 4/5
“• Diurnal (daily) and annual range of temperatures are highest in the interiors of continents due to continentality.• Diurnal and annual range of temperatures are least in oceans because of high specific heat and mixing.• The northern hemisphere is warmer because of the predominance of land over water in the north.• Low-temperature gradients are observed over the tropics (the sun is almost overhead the entire year).• High-temperature gradients are observed over middle and higher latitudes (insolation decreases substantially polewards in the middle and higher latitudes and the sun's apparent path varies significantly from season to season).”
Why this source?
  • Explains the physical reason: diurnal and annual ranges are least over oceans due to high specific heat and mixing
  • Provides mechanism linking maritime influence to reduced temperature variability on adjacent coasts
Pattern takeaway: UPSC is testing 'Textbook Fidelity'. They are not asking for your general impression of a climate; they are asking you to recognize the specific description provided in the base textbook (NCERT). If the book says 50-250cm, that is the law, even if reality varies.
How you should have studied
  1. [THE VERDICT]: **Sitter (for NCERT readers) / Trap (for generalists)**. Source: *Fundamentals of Physical Geography*, Class XI, Chapter 11, Page 94 (Verbatim text).
  2. [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: World Climate Types (Group C: Warm Temperate Climates) and their specific NCERT definitions.
  3. [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize NCERT metrics: **Mediterranean** (Precip 35-90 cm, Winter rain); **Humid Subtropical** (Precip 75-150 cm, Summer max); **Tropical Wet** (Precip >250 cm, Range <3°C).
  4. [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Do not ignore the numbers. In Geography, a range like '50-250 cm' is not random; it is a specific biome constraint. 50 cm is too dry for Option A (Equatorial) and Option B (China Type) implies high annual thermal amplitude.
Concept hooks from this question
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Equability of equatorial temperatures
💡 The insight

Equatorial climates show very small daily and annual temperature variation, with mean monthly temperatures near ~27°C.

High-yield for climate classification and physical geography questions; connects to biomes (rainforest), human comfort and agricultural zones. Enables answers about seasonality, isotherm patterns and why 'no winter' applies to equatorial regions.

📚 Reading List :
  • Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 15: The Hot, Wet Equatorial Climate > Glimate > p. 150
  • Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 30: Climatic Regions > Temperature > p. 425
  • FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 11: World Climate and Climate Change > Group A : Tropical Humid Climates > p. 92
🔗 Anchor: "Do equatorial climates have a low annual and low diurnal (daily) temperature ran..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Atmospheric and oceanic moderators of temperature
💡 The insight

Cloud cover, heavy rainfall and land–sea breezes reduce diurnal and seasonal temperature swings in tropical maritime settings.

Useful for explaining mechanisms behind temperature patterns in essays and mains answers; links meteorology with regional climate impacts and coastal vs inland contrasts. Helps answer 'why' questions on thermal moderation.

📚 Reading List :
  • Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 15: The Hot, Wet Equatorial Climate > Glimate > p. 150
  • Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 30: Climatic Regions > Temperature > p. 425
  • Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 33: Ocean temperature and salinity > Range of Ocean Temperature > p. 517
🔗 Anchor: "Do equatorial climates have a low annual and low diurnal (daily) temperature ran..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Continentality versus maritime influence on temperature range
💡 The insight

Interiors of continents show high diurnal and annual ranges, while oceans and equatorial maritime areas show very low ranges due to thermal inertia and mixing.

Essential for map‑based and comparative questions (coastal vs interior climates, isotherm interpretation); connects to topics like ocean currents, landform influence and regional climate variation.

📚 Reading List :
  • Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 21: Horizontal Distribution of Temperature > ity (far from the moderating effect of the seas). > p. 288
  • Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 33: Ocean temperature and salinity > Range of Ocean Temperature > p. 517
  • Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 21: Horizontal Distribution of Temperature > Northern Hemisphere > p. 291
🔗 Anchor: "Do equatorial climates have a low annual and low diurnal (daily) temperature ran..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Year‑round rainfall in equatorial climates
💡 The insight

Equatorial climates exhibit heavy, well‑distributed precipitation with no distinct dry month.

High-yield for climatology and ecology questions: explains rainforest persistence, distinguishes equatorial from monsoon and savanna climates, and helps answer questions on seasonality and agricultural suitability. Useful for map‑based and comparative climate questions.

📚 Reading List :
  • Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 30: Climatic Regions > Precipitation > p. 425
  • Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 15: The Hot, Wet Equatorial Climate > Glimate > p. 151
  • Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 24: Hydrological Cycle (Water Cycle) > World Distribution of Rainfall > p. 341
🔗 Anchor: "Do equatorial climates receive precipitation throughout the year (year-round)?"
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Equinoctial double rainfall maxima (ITCZ movement)
💡 The insight

Equatorial regions commonly show two rainfall peaks around the equinoxes due to the shifting Intertropical Convergence Zone.

Important for explaining intra-annual rainfall variability within 'year‑round' wet climates; links large‑scale circulation (ITCZ) to seasonal flood/planting windows and regional climatic contrasts. Enables answers on causes of rainfall timing rather than amount.

📚 Reading List :
  • Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 30: Climatic Regions > Precipitation > p. 425
  • Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 15: The Hot, Wet Equatorial Climate > Glimate > p. 151
🔗 Anchor: "Do equatorial climates receive precipitation throughout the year (year-round)?"
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 High annual precipitation totals in the equatorial belt
💡 The insight

The equatorial belt receives very large annual totals (commonly >150–200 cm), reinforcing the characterization of persistent wetness.

Useful for distinguishing precipitation regimes (equatorial vs. temperate or arid) in prelim and mains geography; connects to vegetation types, hydrology, and human land use. Helps eliminate distractors in multiple‑choice items about global rainfall distribution.

📚 Reading List :
  • Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 24: Hydrological Cycle (Water Cycle) > World Distribution of Rainfall > p. 341
  • FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 10: Water in the Atmosphere > World Distribution of Rainfall > p. 89
  • Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 30: Climatic Regions > Explanation: > p. 474
🔗 Anchor: "Do equatorial climates receive precipitation throughout the year (year-round)?"
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S3
👉 Typical rainfall magnitudes of equatorial climates
💡 The insight

Equatorial climates characteristically have very high annual totals, commonly exceeding 150 cm and often centering around 200–250 cm.

High‑yield for comparing global climate zones and answering questions on precipitation regimes; links to vegetation (rainforest), hydrology, and climate classification. Enables rapid elimination of options that suggest low annual totals for equatorial regions.

📚 Reading List :
  • Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 30: Climatic Regions > Precipitation > p. 431
  • Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 30: Climatic Regions > Precipitation > p. 425
  • Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 30: Climatic Regions > Explanation: > p. 474
🔗 Anchor: "Is the typical annual precipitation in equatorial climates between 50 cm and 250..."
🌑 The Hidden Trap

Humid Subtropical (Cfa) Climate: Located on eastern coasts (US, China, Japan). NCERT specifically cites rainfall **75-150 cm** and 'Thunderstorms in summer'. Watch for this specific range in future prelims.

⚡ Elimination Cheat Code

**The 'Rainforest Floor' Logic**: Look at the lower limit of precipitation: **50 cm**. An Equatorial climate (Option A) supports massive biomass and requires 200+ cm. 50 cm is semi-arid/savanna territory. Option A is physically impossible. Option B (China Type) has continental winters (high annual range). Eliminate both.

🔗 Mains Connection

**Agricultural Economy**: Marine West Coast climates (New Zealand, Western Europe) lack extreme cold, allowing for year-round grass growth. This links directly to **Global Dairy Trade** patterns and why NZ dominates milk exports despite its size.

✓ Thank you! We'll review this.

SIMILAR QUESTIONS

CDS-II · 2025 · Q98 Relevance score: 1.12

Identify the climate type based on the given below characteristics : 1. The annual precipitation is low and is around 15 cm. 2. The development of pronounced winter anticyclones and their weakening in summer sets in monsoon-like reversal of wind in this region. 3. Polewards, summer temperatures are low. Select the answer from the options given below :

CAPF · 2017 · Q121 Relevance score: -0.48

Consider the following statements : 1. Areas where rainfall exceeds 250 cm 2. Annual temperature 25°C - 27°C 3. Average humidity exceeds 75% 4. Trees do not shed the leaves To which one of the following types of vegetation does the above represent ?

IAS · 2002 · Q125 Relevance score: -1.08

Consider the following statements : 1. In equatorial regions, the year is divided into four main seasons 2. In Mediterranean region, summer receives more rain 3. In China type climate, rainfall occurs throughout the year 4. Tropical highlands exhibit vertical zonation of different climates Which of these statements are correct ?

CDS-I · 2003 · Q82 Relevance score: -2.96

Consider the following statements with reference to rainy tropical climate regions: I. These usually extend not more than five to ten degress on either side of the equator. II. These are characterised by constant high temperature and humidity with little range. III. These regions have sun overhead or nearly so throughout the year. Which of these statements are correct?

CDS-I · 2016 · Q8 Relevance score: -3.14

Which of the following statements regarding Mediterranean and Monsoon climate is / are correct ? 1. Precipitation in Mediterranean climate is in winter while in Monsoon climate it is mostly in summer 2. The annual range of temperature in Mediterranean climate is higher than the Monsoon climate 3. Rainy and dry seasons are found in both the climates Select the correct answer using the code given below :