Which one of the following astronomers proved that the Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun ?

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) is credited with formulating the Heliocentric model of the solar system. In his landmark work, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres), published in 1543, he mathematically demonstrated that the Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun. This fundamentally challenged the Geocentric (Ptolemaic) theory, which had claimed for centuries that the Earth was the stationary center of the universe.

• Copernicus: Established the heliocentric theory, marking the beginning of the Copernican Revolution.
• Kepler: Later refined the model by discovering the laws of planetary motion (elliptical orbits).
• Galileo: Provided observational evidence using the telescope to support the Copernican system.
• Newton: Formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation that explained why planets move in this manner.

Therefore, Copernicus is recognized as the astronomer who first scientifically proved and proposed the sun-centered system.