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Direction: In this section you have a short passage. After the passage, you will find some items based on the passage. First read the passage and then answer the items based on it. You are required to select your answers based on the contents of the passage and opinion of the author only. Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment, and disposition of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgement wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning, by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men condemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. According to the author, how can the studies be perfected?
Explanation
According to the passage, which is an excerpt from Francis Bacon's essay 'Of Studies', studies serve three primary purposes: delight, ornament, and ability. The author explicitly states that studies 'perfect nature, and are perfected by experience'. Bacon uses a botanical metaphor, comparing natural abilities to plants that require pruning through study, while noting that studies themselves provide directions that are too broad unless they are 'bounded in by experience'. This reflects Bacon's pragmatic philosophy that theoretical knowledge gained from books is insufficient on its own; it must be refined and matured through practical application and observation in the real world. Therefore, while studies improve one's natural state, it is experience that provides the necessary boundaries and practical wisdom to make those studies truly effective and 'perfected'.