Which one of the following is not a power of Panchayats under Article 243G?

Article 243G of the Constitution of India empowers State Legislatures to endow Panchayats with powers and authority to function as institutions of self-government [1][5]. This includes the devolution of powers to implement schemes for economic development and social justice, specifically regarding the 29 functional items listed in the Eleventh Schedule [3][4]. According to the Eleventh Schedule (Article 243G), item number 2 explicitly includes 'Land improvement, implementation of land reforms, land consolidation and soil conservation' [1]. Therefore, options 1, 2, and 3 are valid powers of Panchayats under this framework . However, the 'Regulation of land revenue' is not listed in the Eleventh Schedule; instead, land revenue is traditionally a subject under the State List (Entry 45) of the Seventh Schedule, managed by the State Government rather than devolved to the Panchayati Raj Institutions [4].

Sources

1. [1] Indian Constitution at Work, Political Science Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 8: LOCAL GOVERNMENTS > Transfer of Subjects > p. 185
2. [5] https://mahasec.maharashtra.gov.in/Upload/PDF/National%20Conference-25%20Years%20of%2073rd%20&%2074th%20Constitutional%20Amendment-Progress%20&%20Future%20Directions-%20Compendium%20Of%20Base%20Papers.pdf
3. [3] Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 39: Panchayati Raj > III I Voluntary Provisions > p. 392
4. [4] https://www.tnsfc.tn.gov.in/constitutional_provision