Which of the following are the factors that cause variation in the amount of insolation on the Earth ? 1. Rotation of the earth on its axis 2. Length of the day 3. Distribution of land and water on the earth Select the answer using the code given below :

The amount of insolation received on Earth is influenced by several primary factors. The rotation of the Earth on its axis [2] and the length of the day [3] are critical determinants of the duration and intensity of solar radiation received at any given point. While the primary factors listed in standard texts include the angle of inclination, day length, and atmospheric transparency, the distribution of land and water also plays a significant role. Specifically, insolation is generally higher over continents than over oceans at the same latitude [2]. Furthermore, the distribution of land and sea masks variations in solar output and influences atmospheric circulation, which in turn affects the variability of insolation reaching the surface. Therefore, all three factors listed—rotation, day length, and land-water distribution—contribute to the variation in insolation across the Earth's surface.

Sources

1. [1] FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 8: Solar Radiation, Heat Balance and Temperature > Variability of Insolation at the Surface of the Earth > p. 67
2. [2] FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 8: Solar Radiation, Heat Balance and Temperature > Spatial Distribution of Insolation at the Earth's Surface > p. 68
3. [3] https://www.kharagpurcollege.ac.in/studyMaterial/54524Department-Geography-Semester-3rd-CC5-Climatology-Unit-I-Elements-of-the-Atmosphere-Topic-CONTROLLING-FACTORS-OF-INSOLATION-25-08-2020.pdf