Which of the following organelles have their own DNA and ribosomes ?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are unique eukaryotic organelles characterized as semi-autonomous because they possess their own genetic material and protein-synthesis machinery [1]. Both organelles contain circular DNA and 70S ribosomes, which are distinct from the nuclear DNA and cytosolic ribosomes of the cell. This allows them to synthesize some of their own proteins and enzymes independently [2]. According to the endosymbiotic theory, these organelles originated from primitive bacteria that entered eukaryotic cells during evolution, explaining why they retain their own genomes and ribosomes [2]. In contrast, organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus are involved in protein synthesis and packaging but do not contain their own DNA [1]. The nucleolus is the site of ribosome assembly within the nucleus but is not a self-contained organelle with its own genome.

Sources

1. [1] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/physics-and-astronomy/mitochondria
2. [2] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11389837/