Which of the following is the correct sequence of phases of Biotic succession ?

Biotic or ecological succession is the process by which the structure of a biological community evolves over time. According to the classical model of succession (Clementsian succession), the process involves several distinct stages:

• Nudation: Development of a bare area without any life form.
• Invasion: This includes Migration (dispersal of seeds, spores, or propagules to the bare area) followed by Ecesis (successful establishment and germination of the species in the new environment).
• Competition and Coaction: As the number of individuals increases, they compete for space and nutrients.
• Reaction: The established species modify the environment (e.g., soil composition, light availability), often making it more suitable for new species.
• Stabilisation: The community reaches a final, stable state known as the climax community.

Thus, the correct sequence is Migration → Ecesis → Reaction → Stabilisation.