Which organelle other than nucleus in eukaryotic cells has its own DNA, ribosomes and proteins? a) Golgi b) Mitochondria c) Lysosomes d) Nucleosomes

In eukaryotic cells, while the nucleus contains the majority of genetic material [2], mitochondria are unique organelles that possess their own independent DNA, ribosomes, and proteins [1]. This characteristic is explained by the endosymbiotic theory, which suggests that mitochondria originated from free-living bacteria that entered into a symbiotic relationship with early eukaryotic hosts [1][3]. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) typically has a circular structure similar to bacterial DNA and contains the hereditary information necessary for the organelle to synthesize some of its own proteins using its internal ribosomes [1]. Other organelles like the Golgi apparatus and lysosomes are involved in protein processing and waste degradation but do not contain their own genome or protein-synthesis machinery [2]. Nucleosomes are structural units of chromatin within the nucleus rather than independent organelles.

Sources

1. [2] Science , class X (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: How do Organisms Reproduce? > 7.1 DO ORGANISMS CREATE EXACT COPIES OF THEMSEL THEMSELVES? > p. 113
2. [1] https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/mitochondria-and-the-immune-response-14266967/
3. [3] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4571569/