Which two rivers flow in the region between Gulbarga and Vijayanagara Hampi?

The region between Gulbarga (Kalaburagi) and Vijayanagara (Hampi) is defined by the Krishna and Tungabhadra rivers. Vijayanagara is famously situated on the banks of the Tungabhadra River, which flows in a north-easterly direction through a natural basin [1]. Historically, the area between these two rivers is known as the Raichur Doab, a fertile tract that was a major point of contention between the Vijayanagara Empire and the Bahmani Sultanate (later the Bijapur and Gulbarga sultanates). The Tungabhadra is a major tributary of the Krishna River, joining it near Kurnool [2]. While the Krishna River flows to the north of this region, the Tungabhadra flows to the south, effectively flanking the territory that includes the historic city of Raichur, located between Gulbarga and Hampi.

Sources

1. [1] THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara > 3.1 Water resources > p. 177
2. [2] INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 3: Drainage System > River Systems of the Peninsular Drainage > p. 24