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Which of the following statements in respect of the Union of India is/are correct?
1. The Union of India is more like the Canadian Federation than American.
2. Residuary powers are vested in the Union.
3. States of the Union of India have constitutional right to secede.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct. The Indian federal system is modeled after the Canadian federation rather than the American one. Like Canada, India has a strong central government and was not formed by a voluntary agreement between independent states. Statement 2 is correct. Under Article 248 and Entry 97 of the Union List, residuary powers (subjects not mentioned in any of the three lists) are vested in the Union Parliament. This follows the Canadian model, whereas in the US and Australia, residuary powers belong to the states. Statement 3 is incorrect. The Indian Union is indestructible; while the Parliament can alter the boundaries of states, no state has the constitutional right to secede from the Union. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar emphasized that the term "Union" was specifically used to indicate this permanence.