Which one of the following does not fall under the category 'Biometrics', meant for personal identification related to access control ?

Biometrics refers to the measurement and statistical analysis of a person's unique physical and behavioral characteristics used for identification and access control. These are generally categorized into two types:

• Physiological Biometrics: These include physical traits such as Fingerprints, Iris recognition, retina scans, and facial recognition.
• Behavioral Biometrics: These include patterns of behavior such as Handwriting (signature dynamics), gait, and voice patterns.

A Card Reader and Card system is a form of token-based authentication (something you have). It is not a biometric because it relies on an external physical object that can be lost, stolen, or shared, rather than an intrinsic biological or behavioral trait inherent to the individual. Therefore, it does not fall under the category of biometrics.