In addition to fingerprint scanning, which of the following can be used in the biometric identification of a person? 1. Iris scanning 2. Retinal scanning 3. Voice recognition Select the correct answer using the code given below.

States that the Unique Identification Authority of India collects biometric and demographic data and stores them in a centralised database for Aadhaar.

A student could note that a system already designed to collect/store biometrics could plausibly accept additional biometric modalities (e.g., iris), and then check external technical/legal sources about which modalities Aadhaar or similar systems support.

Describes use of non-fingerprint biological patterns (camera-trap stripe patterns, DNA fingerprinting) to identify individual animals.

One can generalise that identification systems use multiple distinct biological markers, so a student could infer that human identification can likewise use different modalities (including iris) and then consult technical resources on iris-recognition feasibility.

States that the retina is a delicate membrane with an enormous number of light-sensitive cells that generate electrical signals sent to the brain.

A student can combine this with the basic fact that dense, microscopic biological structures (like arrays of cells) can provide distinctive patterns for identification and thus ask whether retinal patterns could be measured for biometrics.

Describes the human eye as being 'like a camera' whose lens system forms an image on the retina.

Using the camera analogy and basic knowledge of imaging, a student could infer that imaging the retina is feasible and consider whether such images might serve as identifying features.

Explains that a convex lens (eye-glasses) provides additional focusing power to form the image on the retina.

Knowing that optical focusing controls how retinal images are formed, a student could infer that controlled optical systems might be used to capture retinal detail for identification.

Refers to the sequence of events when a bright light is focused on the eyes, implying the retina responds to light stimuli.

A student could combine this with the standard fact that devices can use light responses to map retinal structure (e.g., blood-vessel patterns) and thus consider retinal scanning as a biometric modality.

Describes Aadhaar as collecting 'biometric and demographic data' and issuing unique IDs, showing a government system that uses biometrics (implicitly including multiple modalities).

A student could note that if a central ID system collects biometric data, other biometric modalities (e.g., voice) might be conceptually usable and then check technical/legal feasibility externally.

Gives a concrete example of biometric authentication in public services (Aadhaar-seeded ration distribution using biometric authentication), demonstrating real-world use of biometrics for identity verification.

One can extend this to ask whether such authentication systems support alternative biometrics (voice) and research device/implementation requirements.

Lists multiple identification methods (camera trapping using stripe patterns, DNA fingerprinting), illustrating that identification can rely on diverse biological/behavioral features.

From this pattern of many biometric modalities, a student could infer voice as another distinct modality to investigate for identification suitability.

Uses the word 'voice' in a distinct conceptual sense (representation/voice), showing the text treats 'voice' as an identifiable attribute of persons (though not biometric here).

A student could take the idea that 'voice' is a personal attribute and combine it with outside technical knowledge that voice can be measured and matched for biometrics.