In which of the following instances may a police officer arrest a person, without an order from the Magistrate and without a warrant ? 1. If a person has committed a cognizable offence in the presence of a police officer 2. A credible information has been received that a person has committed a cognizable offence punishable with imprisonment for a term which may be less than seven years and the police officer is satisfied that arrest is necessary for proper investigation of offence 3. If a person is reasonably suspected of being a deserter from any of the Armed Forces of the Union Select the answer using the code given below :

The power of a police officer to arrest without a warrant is primarily governed by Section 41 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1973 (now Section 35 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023).

• Statement 1 is correct: Under Section 41(1)(a), a police officer may arrest any person who commits a cognizable offence in their presence.
• Statement 2 is correct: Under Section 41(1)(b), for offences punishable with imprisonment of less than seven years, an arrest can be made if the officer receives credible information and is satisfied that the arrest is necessary for reasons such as proper investigation, preventing the person from committing further offences, or preventing tampering with evidence.
• Statement 3 is correct: Under Section 41(1)(f), a police officer may arrest any person who is reasonably suspected of being a deserter from any of the Armed Forces of the Union.

Since all three instances are valid legal grounds for arrest without a warrant, the correct option is D.