‘Demand Polity’ and ‘Command Polity’.are terms associated with:

The terms 'Demand Polity' and 'Command Polity' were coined by Lloyd I. Rudolph and Susanne H. Rudolph in their seminal work, 'In Pursuit of Lakshmi: The Political Economy of the Indian State' (1987). They used these concepts to analyze the tussle within the Indian political economy [1]. A 'demand polity' refers to a system where the state responds to the short-term pressures and demands of organized interest groups and voters, often leading to competitive populism. Conversely, a 'command polity' describes a state-centric model where the government exercises autonomy to direct resources and policies toward long-term developmental goals, relatively insulated from immediate societal pressures. While Rajni Kothari is famous for the 'Congress System' and 'one-party dominance', it is the Rudolphs who categorized Indian politics along the axes of regime nature and polity type [1].

Sources

1. [1] https://sde.uoc.ac.in/sites/default/files/sde_videos/%28New%29Issues%20in%20Indian%20Politics.pdf