E.V. Ramaswami Naicker was associated with 1. reforming Brahminism 2. the Self-Respect Movement 3. the Low Caste Movement 4. the Communist Movement Select the correct answer using the code given below.

E.V. Ramaswami Naicker, popularly known as Periyar, was the central figure of the Self-Respect Movement, which he founded in 1925 after leaving the Indian National Congress [3]. This movement was fundamentally a Low Caste Movement aimed at the emancipation of non-Brahmins and the rejection of Brahminical religion and culture, which Periyar viewed as an instrument of exploitation [3]. While he was a radical social reformer who led anti-Brahmin movements, he did not seek to 'reform' Brahminism; instead, he advocated for its complete rejection and the dismantling of the caste system [2]. Regarding the Communist Movement, although Periyar was influenced by socialist ideas, visited the Soviet Union, and collaborated with communists like Singaravelu to propagate socialist literature, he remained primarily a leader of the Dravidian and Self-Respect movements rather than being formally 'associated' with the Communist Movement as a primary identity. Therefore, statements 2 and 3 are the most accurate associations.

Sources

1. [1] Politics in India since Independence, Textbook in political science for Class XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: Regional Aspirations > Union Territories of Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh > p. 116
2. [3] History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Advent of Gandhi and Mass Mobilisation > 4.3 The Non-Brahmin Movement > p. 46
3. [2] Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 9: A General Survey of Socio-Cultural Reform Movements > Self-Respect Movement > p. 226