The original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India extends to

Under Article 131 of the Indian Constitution, the Supreme Court possesses exclusive original jurisdiction to adjudicate disputes involving federal relations [2]. This jurisdiction specifically covers legal disputes between the Government of India and one or more States, or between two or more States [3]. The Supreme Court acts as an umpire in federal matters, ensuring that such conflicts are resolved directly without passing through lower courts [3]. Conversely, disputes arising from pre-constitutional treaties and agreements are explicitly excluded from this original jurisdiction under the proviso to Article 131. Matters regarding the implementation of Directive Principles or the constitutionality of Parliamentary bills generally fall under the court's writ jurisdiction (Article 32), appellate jurisdiction (Article 132), or judicial review powers rather than the specific 'original jurisdiction' defined for federal disputes [3].

Sources

1. [1] Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 27: Judicial Review > CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS FOR JUDICIAL REVIEW > p. 298
2. [2] Laxmikanth, M. Indian Polity. 7th ed., McGraw Hill. > Chapter 27: Judicial Review > CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS FOR JUDICIAL REVIEW > p. 298
3. [3] Indian Constitution at Work, Political Science Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 6: JUDICIARY > Original Jurisdiction > p. 132