With reference to India, which of the following statements relating to urbanization is/are correct? 1., It is a manifestation of economic, social and political progress. 2. Rapid growth of urban population puts pressure on public utilities. 3. Urban sprout is encroaching the precious agricultural land. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Urbanization in India is a multifaceted process. Statement 1 is correct as urbanization indicates socio-economic development and progress in living conditions [4]. It is considered an integral part of economic growth rather than just a side effect [4]. Statement 2 is correct because rapid urban population growth, often characterized by unplanned expansion, exerts significant pressure on public utilities such as roads, drainage, sewage, electricity, and sanitation [3]. Statement 3 is correct as urban sprawl involves the physical expansion of cities into the countryside, leading to the encroachment of built-up areas onto precious agricultural lands and natural spaces [1]. This sprawl is often unchecked in developing nations like India, resulting in the conversion of rural landscapes into industrial or residential zones [3]. Consequently, all three statements accurately reflect the dynamics and challenges of Indian urbanization.

Sources

1. [3] https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2011/09/22/india-urbanization
2. [4] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11474320/
3. [1] Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 14: Settlements > Urban Sprawl > p. 41