Springs are common in which of the following areas? 1. Well jointed rocks 2. Arid areas with underlying rocks 3. Karst topography 4. Tilted strata Select the correct answer using the code given below,

Springs are natural outlets where groundwater reaches the surface. They are common in well-jointed rocks, where fractures and joints provide paths for water to discharge as fracture springs [1]. In Karst topography, soluble rocks like limestone develop conduits and caves, leading to large karst springs or resurgences. Tilted strata also facilitate spring formation, particularly at the contact zone where a permeable aquifer rests on an impermeable layer, forcing water to the surface [3]. Conversely, arid areas are generally characterized by deep water tables and high evaporation, making springs rare unless specific structural traps exist; however, the presence of underlying rocks alone does not make them a common feature compared to the other geological settings. Therefore, springs are most characteristic of well-jointed rocks, karst landscapes, and tilted strata [3].

Sources

1. [1] Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 4: Weathering, Mass Movement and Groundwater > SPRINGS > p. 43
2. [2] Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 4: Weathering, Mass Movement and Groundwater > Sample Objective Ouestions > p. 46
3. [3] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589471424000202