Spruce and Cedar are tree varieties of

Spruce and Cedar are characteristic tree varieties of the temperate coniferous forest biome. These forests are primarily composed of needle-leafed evergreen trees that are well-adapted to cooler climates and moderate to high precipitation [3]. Coniferous forests, often referred to as boreal forests or taiga in higher latitudes, are dominated by species such as spruce, fir, pine, hemlock, and cedar . Unlike the broad-leaved hardwood trees found in equatorial or monsoon forests, which are often deciduous to withstand dry periods [4], coniferous trees possess needle-like leaves to reduce water loss and withstand cold temperatures. In mountainous regions like the Himalayas, these coniferous species such as deodar (a type of cedar) and fir are found at higher elevations where temperate conditions prevail [2]. Therefore, Spruce and Cedar are quintessential representatives of the temperate coniferous forest ecosystem.

Sources

1. [3] Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 3: Terrestrial Ecosystems > 3.2. FOREST ECOSYSTEM > p. 24
2. [1] Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 10: Locational Factors of Economic Activities > Classification of Forest Areas > p. 23
3. [4] Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 30: Climatic Regions > Tropical Monsoon Forests > p. 433
4. [2] Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 10: Indian Forest > 10. r13. *Iirnalayan Dry Temperate Forest > p. 163