Question map
In India, in which one of the following types of forests is teak a dominant tree species?
Explanation
Tropical Moist Deciduous forests are typical monsoon forests with teak (Tectona grandis) and sal (Shorea robusta) as the dominant species.[1] They form the natural vegetation all over the country where the average annual rainfall ranges between 100–200 cm.[1] These forests are dominated by sal and teak, along with mango, bamboo, and rosewood.[2] Additionally, Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests are the largest forest type of India covering about 40% of the forest area of the country, with dry teak and dry sal forests predominating in the southern and northern regions of India, respectively.[3] Teak is not a dominant species in tropical rain forests, tropical thorn scrub forests, or temperate forests with grasslands. Therefore, option A is the correct answer.
Sources- [1] Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and National Parks > Table 5.5 > p. 15
- [2] Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 10: Indian Forest > 10.1.3. Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests > p. 161
- [3] https://www.ceeindia.org/CEE-Academy-resouce/PDF/Forest%20ecosystem%20Forest%20Types%20of%20India.pdf
PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
Full viewThis is a non-negotiable 'sitter' directly from NCERT Class IX and XI. If you get this wrong, you are statistically out of the competition. The strategy is simple: memorize the 'Top 3 Signature Trees' for every Indian forest type found in the NCERT tables.
This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.
- Statement 1: Is teak (Tectona grandis) a dominant tree species in India's tropical moist deciduous forests?
- Statement 2: Is teak (Tectona grandis) a dominant tree species in India's tropical rain forests?
- Statement 3: Is teak (Tectona grandis) a dominant tree species in India's tropical thorn scrub forests?
- Statement 4: Is teak (Tectona grandis) a dominant tree species in India's temperate forests with grasslands?
- Explicitly states tropical moist deciduous (monsoon) forests have teak and sal as the dominant species.
- Directly links teak (Tectona grandis) to the forest type named in the statement.
- Says moist deciduous forests are dominated by sal and teak.
- Describes typical vegetation structure for these forests, reinforcing teak's dominance.
- States 'Teak is the most dominant species of this forest' (referring to tropical deciduous forests).
- Lists other species but singles out teak as the primary dominant species.
- Explicitly identifies 'dry teak (Tectona grandis)' as predominating in Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests in India.
- Implies teak is characteristic of dry deciduous forest types, not tropical rain forests.
- States that 'Dry forests ... often containing ... teak (Tectona grandis)'.
- Places teak in dry forest contexts rather than in tropical (evergreen) rain forests.
States that 'Tropical Moist Deciduous' (a major tropical forest type) have teak and sal as the dominant species.
A student can distinguish 'tropical moist deciduous' from 'tropical wet/evergreen rain forests' on a map and therefore judge whether teak dominance applies to true rain forests or to deciduous monsoon forests.
Says 'Teak is the most dominant species of this forest' in the context of tropical deciduous forests (describing species composition of those forests).
By comparing the described species of deciduous forests with published species lists for India's wet/evergreen rain forests, a student can infer whether teak is characteristic of evergreen rain forests.
States that moist deciduous forests are 'dominated by sal and teak' alongside other species, separating them as a distinct forest type.
Using this rule that teak dominates moist deciduous areas, a student can check the geographic distribution of evergreen rain forests (e.g., Western Ghats windward zones, NE hills, Andamans) to see if those areas are described instead as evergreen with different dominant species.
Provides species lists by forest type and lists teak among species of tropical moist (and dry) deciduous forests, while listing different species for tropical wet-evergreen forests.
A student can use these species-by-type lists to test whether teak is typical of 'tropical wet-evergreen' rain forests (it is not listed there), suggesting teak is not a dominant in true rain forests.
Explains the classification: tropical hardwood forests include both evergreen rain forests and monsoon (deciduous) forests, and it names teak among extremely hard tropical trees noted in monsoon/wood-using contexts.
A student can apply this classification to separate 'evergreen rain forests' (with their own typical species) from monsoon/deciduous forests where teak appears, to infer whether teak dominates evergreen rain forests.
- Contains a direct question-and-answer stating which forest type teak is dominant in.
- Specifies teak is dominant in Tropical moist deciduous forest, not tropical thorn scrub.
- Lists teak among example trees of Tropical Moist Deciduous forests.
- Separately describes Tropical Thorn (Scrub) as dry, thorny vegetation, implying different dominant species.
States a general rule: teak (Tectona grandis) is a dominant species of tropical moist deciduous (monsoon) forests.
A student can contrast the typical environments of moist deciduous forests with thorn scrub areas (rainfall, soil) to judge whether teak’s ecology fits thorn scrub.
Defines tropical thorn forests as occurring where rainfall is less than 50 cm and lists their important species (babool, ber, wild date palm, khair, neem, khejri, palas) — teak is not listed.
Using the rainfall threshold and species list, a student can check teak’s known rainfall preferences and natural range to assess suitability in thorn scrub.
Describes 'tropical thorny forest' as a degraded moist deciduous type, gives its rainfall range (75–100 cm here) and important trees (acacia, wild-palms, euphorbias, khair, palas) — teak again absent from the thorn species list.
A student could compare the thorny-forest species list and rainfall range to teak’s documented occurrences to see if overlap is likely.
Reiterates that moist deciduous forests are dominated by sal and teak (with mango, bamboo, rosewood), tying teak to moister monsoon forest types rather than arid scrub.
A student can use this to infer that teak prefers moister monsoon zones and so is less likely to dominate low-rainfall thorn scrub.
Lists the main trees of monsoon forests and specifies regions where teak is found (Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Ghats, parts of Rajasthan) — associating teak with monsoon/deciduous belts.
A student could map these teak regions against maps of thorn-scrub distribution (arid NW India) to see if teak’s core range overlaps thorn scrub areas.
- States teak (Tectona grandis) occurs in dry forests — deciduous and mixed deciduous woodlands, not described as temperate forests.
- Places teak in a Southeast Asia dry-forest context rather than in montane/temperate forest types with grasslands.
- India's State of Forest Report separately lists Montane Wet Temperate and Himalayan Moist Temperate forest groups, indicating distinct temperate forest categories.
- The ISFR excerpts enumerate temperate forest groups but do not identify teak as a dominant species in these temperate categories.
States that teak is a principal tree of the monsoon (tropical) forests and lists its main geographic distribution in peninsular and lowland regions.
A student could note that monsoon/tropical distribution contrasts with temperate montane zones on a map, so teak's listed range makes dominance in temperate forests unlikely.
Explicitly names teak as the most dominant species of (dry/moist) deciduous forests and describes these forests' landscapes and climates (rainfall 70–100 cm).
Compare the climate/rainfall and lowland locations given here with climatic/altitudinal conditions of temperate montane grassland-forest mosaics to assess mismatch.
Notes moist deciduous forests are 'dominated by sal and teak' and characterizes them as widespread in India except western/north-western regions.
Use this rule that teak dominates moist deciduous (tropical) forests to infer teak is a tropical species rather than a temperate-montane one.
Describes montane/temperate zones (1,000–2,000 m) where wet temperate forests have oak, chestnut and pines (e.g., Chir Pine, Deodar) as predominant trees.
Map these montane species and elevational zones against teak's peninsular/lowland distribution to infer different dominant species in temperate forests with grasslands.
Explains parkland/open-stretch landscapes in higher rainfall peninsular and northern plains where teak interspersed with grass occurs—describing a savannah-like/tropical parkland rather than true temperate grassland-forest.
Differentiate this tropical 'parkland' with teak-plus-grass from temperate forest–grassland mosaics by altitude and species lists to question teak dominance in temperate zones.
- [THE VERDICT]: Sitter. Direct lift from NCERT Class IX (Ch 5) and Class XI (Ch 5). No current affairs needed.
- [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: Indian Geography > Natural Vegetation > The specific species composition of the 'Monsoon Forest' (Deciduous).
- [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize the 'Kings' of each biome: Moist Deciduous (Teak, Sal, Sandalwood); Dry Deciduous (Tendu, Palas, Bel); Wet Evergreen (Rosewood, Ebony, Mahogany); Thorn (Babool, Khejri); Montane (Deodar, Chir Pine).
- [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Do not read vegetation chapters passively. Create a matrix: [Forest Type] vs [Rainfall Range] vs [3 Key Species]. UPSC asks you to map the species to the climate.
Several references explicitly identify teak (with sal) as the dominant species in India's moist deciduous/monsoon forests.
High-yield factual concept often tested in GS geography and environment questions; connects to questions on forest types, timber resources, and regional vegetation. Learn by tabulating forest types with their characteristic species and examples to quickly eliminate options in multiple-choice and descriptive questions.
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and National Parks > Table 5.5 > p. 15
- Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 10: Indian Forest > 10.1.3. Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests > p. 161
- CONTEMPORARY INDIA-I ,Geography, Class IX . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and Wildlife > Tropical Deciduous Forests > p. 40
References give rainfall bands (e.g., 100–200 cm) and list regions (Western Ghats, northeastern states, Odisha) where moist deciduous forests occur.
Exam questions commonly ask to match forest types with climatic thresholds and regions; mastering rainfall ranges and regional distribution helps answer location, conservation, and resource-based questions. Prepare via maps and a concise table of forest types vs. rainfall/regions.
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and National Parks > Table 5.5 > p. 15
- INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation > Tropical Deciduous Forests > p. 44
- CONTEMPORARY INDIA-I ,Geography, Class IX . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and Wildlife > Tropical Deciduous Forests > p. 40
Evidence divides monsoon/deciduous forests into moist (higher rainfall) and dry (lower rainfall) types and lists species composition differences including presence of teak.
Useful for comparative questions (e.g., species composition, economic uses, distribution). Understanding thresholds and typical species allows quick reasoning in both MCQs and mains answers; revise by comparing characteristic species, rainfall ranges, and typical states.
- INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation > Tropical Deciduous Forests > p. 44
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and National Parks > Table 5.5 > p. 15
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and National Parks > 2. Woods of the Monsoon Forests > p. 22
Multiple references distinguish evergreen rain forests from monsoon/moist deciduous forests, showing different dominant species and ecological characteristics.
High-yield for UPSC geography: questions often ask to match forest types with climate, location, and species. Understanding the contrast helps answer distribution and species-dominance questions and links to climate (rainfall) and biogeography. Prepare by tabulating forest types, rainfall ranges, locations and key species for quick recall.
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and National Parks > Table 5.5 > p. 15
- Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 10: Indian Forest > 10.1.3. Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests > p. 161
- INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation > Tropical Deciduous Forests > p. 44
References explicitly state teak is dominant in monsoon/tropical moist deciduous forests rather than in evergreen rain forests.
Frequently tested to match tree species with forest types (e.g., teak with moist deciduous). Mastering species–forest associations reduces errors in objective and descriptive questions; use flashcards and map-based revision linking species to states/regions.
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and National Parks > 2. Woods of the Monsoon Forests > p. 22
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and National Parks > Table 5.5 > p. 15
- CONTEMPORARY INDIA-I ,Geography, Class IX . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and Wildlife > Tropical Deciduous Forests > p. 40
Evidence gives numeric rainfall ranges (e.g., 70–200 cm, 100–200 cm) that separate dry, moist/monsoon, and evergreen forests, which determines where species like teak occur.
High utility for mapping vegetation distribution and answering questions on climatic controls of vegetation. UPSC often asks linkage of rainfall bands to forest types or regional vegetation—learn the common rainfall bands and practice applying them to regions on the map.
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and National Parks > Table 5.5 > p. 15
- CONTEMPORARY INDIA-I ,Geography, Class IX . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and Wildlife > Tropical Deciduous Forests > p. 40
- INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation > Tropical Deciduous Forests > p. 44
References distinguish tropical moist/monsoon deciduous forests (teak, sal) from tropical thorn/thorny forests (acacia, babool, khejri, cacti, etc.), directly relating species to forest type.
High-yield for UPSC: questions often ask to match vegetation types with dominant species or to spot incorrect species–forest pairings. Mastering this helps answer direct MCQs and map-based questions; prepare by tabulating major forest types, their key species, and typical locations from standard sources.
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and National Parks > Table 5.5 > p. 15
- INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation > Tropical Thorn Forests > p. 44
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and National Parks > Table 5.5 > p. 16
While Teak is Moist Deciduous, 'Tendu' (Diospyros melanoxylon) is the signature tree of Dry Deciduous forests and is politically significant due to Bidi leaf collection rights (Tribal rights/FRA).
Think 'Furniture'. Teak is India's premium furniture wood. Rainforests (Rosewood) are too hard/dense for easy mass exploitation; Thorn forests have no timber; Temperate softwoods are for pulp. Teak must belong to the most widespread, commercially exploited forest type: The Monsoon (Deciduous) Forest.
History & Economy: Teak (Sagwan) was the primary reason the British established the Imperial Forest Department in 1864 to fuel the Royal Navy and Indian Railways. This connects Geography to Colonial History and modern Forest Rights Acts.