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I. Lothal: Ancient dockyard
Lothal is an ancient city located in present-day Gujarat, India. It was one of the prominent cities of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization. The archaeological excavations at Lothal have revealed the remains of a well-planned urban settlement with advanced infrastructure. One of the notable features of Lothal is its dockyard, which was an important center for maritime trade during that time. The dockyard consisted of a basin and a channel that connected it to the nearby Sabarmati River. It is believed that Lothal played a significant role in facilitating trade and commerce through its dockyard.
II. Sarnath: First Sermon of Buddha
Sarnath is a famous Buddhist pilgrimage site located near Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh, India. It holds great significance in Buddhism as it is the place where Gautama Buddha, after attaining enlightenment, gave his first sermon to his five disciples. This sermon is known as the "Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta" or the "Turning of the Wheel of Dharma." The teachings delivered by Buddha at Sarnath laid the foundation of the Buddhist faith and became the guiding principles for his followers.
IV. Nalanda: Great seat of Buddhist learning
Nalanda is an ancient center of learning located in present-day Bihar, India. It was one of the world`s first residential universities and a prominent seat of Buddhist education from the 5th to the 12th century CE. Nalanda University attracted scholars and students from different parts of the world, including India, China, Tibet, and Southeast Asia. The university had a vast campus with numerous temples, libraries, lecture halls, and meditation centers. It played a crucial role in the preservation and dissemination of Buddhist knowledge and philosophy.
Therefore, the correct pairings are:
I. Lothal: Ancient dockyard
II. Sarnath: First Sermon of Buddha
IV. Nalanda: Great seat of Buddhist learning
III. Rajgir: Lion capital of Asoka
The lion capital of Asoka, which is the national emblem of India, is actually associated with Sarnath, not Rajgir.
So, the correct answer is:
I, II, and IV