Which of the following substances are harmful for health if present in food items ? 1. Pesticide residues 2. Lead 3. Metanil yellow 4. Mercury Select the correct answer using the code given below:

All four substances listed are harmful to human health when present in food. Pesticide residues, such as DDT, are non-degradable and undergo biological magnification, accumulating at higher concentrations in human tissues [3]. Lead is a highly toxic heavy metal that causes liver and kidney damage, mental retardation, and neuromuscular disorders like lead palsy [3]. Metanil yellow is an illegal azo dye frequently used as an adulterant in turmeric and other foodstuffs; it is known to cause damage to internal tissues, anemia, and brain damage [4]. Mercury is another toxic heavy metal that accumulates in the body over time, impairing neurological function and causing irreversible organ damage. These substances are classified as chemical contaminants or adulterants that significantly degrade food safety and pose severe public health risks.

Sources

1. [2] Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > 8. Health Hazards > p. 71
2. [3] Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 29: Environment Issues and Health Effects > 29.1.3. Lead > p. 413
3. [4] https://drklbcollege.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/SEC-B-FOOD-ADDITIVE-AND-ADULTERATIVE.pdf