Which one the following does not fall in the areas of tropical deciduous forest biomes?

Tropical deciduous forests, also known as monsoon forests, are primarily found in regions with distinct wet and dry seasons [5]. Their distribution includes the Indo-Malaysian zone (India, Myanmar, Thailand, and parts of Indonesia), the Neotropics (Central America, West Indies, and parts of Brazil), and regions of Eastern Africa and Northern Australia [4]. These forests are characterized by broad-leaved hardwood trees like teak and sal that shed their leaves during the dry season to conserve water [3]. While North America contains temperate deciduous forests in its eastern half, the southwest region of North America is predominantly characterized by arid and semi-arid climates (deserts) rather than tropical deciduous biomes [3]. Therefore, Southwest America does not fall within the typical areas of tropical deciduous forest biomes, making option 4 the correct answer.

Sources

1. [1] Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 3: MAJOR BIOMES > 2. Monsoon Deciduous Biome > p. 7
2. [5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_tropical_forest
3. [3] Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 30: Climatic Regions > Tropical Monsoon Forests > p. 433
4. [4] Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 3: MAJOR BIOMES > 2. Monsoon Deciduous Biome > p. 8
5. [2] Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 10: Locational Factors of Economic Activities > Classification of Forest Areas > p. 23