Which one of the following is not a feature of Indian federalism?

Indian federalism is characterized by a written Constitution that specifies the powers of the Union and States [4], and provides for an independent judiciary that interprets the Constitution and resolves jurisdictional disputes [5]. Furthermore, the Constitution explicitly specifies sources of revenue for both levels of government to ensure financial autonomy. However, the principle of 'Separation of Powers' is not a defining feature of federalism itself, but rather a horizontal distribution of power between the legislature, executive, and judiciary. In the Indian context, the parliamentary system involves a fusion of the executive and legislature, which contrasts with the strict separation of powers found in presidential systems like the United States [5]. While India exhibits federal features like the division of powers and an integrated judiciary, it is often described as 'quasi-federal' due to its strong unitary bias [5].

Sources

1. [2] Democratic Politics-II. Political Science-Class X . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 2: Federalism > What makes India a federal country? > p. 16
2. [4] Introduction to the Constitution of India, D. D. Basu (26th ed.). > Chapter 5: NATURE OF THE FEDERAL SYSTEM > NATURE OF THE FEDERAL SYSTEM > p. 59
3. [5] https://fincomindia.nic.in/constitutional-provisions
4. [1] Introduction to the Constitution of India, D. D. Basu (26th ed.). > Chapter 4: OUTSTANDING FEATURES OF OUR CONSTITUTION > 42nd Amendment, 1976. > p. 49
5. [3] Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 4: Salient Features of the Constitution > 4. Federal System with Unitary Bias > p. 29