Which one of the following is not an Indian form of Socialism ?

Indian socialism is primarily characterized as 'democratic socialism', which emphasizes a mixed economy where public and private sectors coexist, rather than the 'state socialism' seen in the Soviet model [2]. This ideology was championed by Jawaharlal Nehru, whose specific approach is often termed 'Nehruvian Socialism'. It focuses on state-led planning, social justice, and democratic governance [3]. Furthermore, Indian political thought includes 'Communitarian Socialism', as seen in the works of Jayaprakash Narayan, who integrated Gandhian principles with socialist ideals. In contrast, 'Radical Socialism'—often associated with revolutionary, non-democratic, or extreme state-controlled models—is not considered a standard or indigenous form of the Indian socialist framework. While Indian thinkers like M.N. Roy explored radical humanism, the mainstream political and constitutional identity of India remains rooted in democratic and evolutionary socialist traditions [1].

Sources

1. [1] Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 5: Preamble of the Constitution > fli Socialist > p. 43
2. [2] Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 6: Indian Economy [1947 – 2014] > 6.2 Economy after Independence > p. 202
3. [3] https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/89391/1/Unit-8.pdf