Which one of the following is not a type of commercial agriculture?

Commercial agriculture is characterized by large-scale production intended for market sale and profit, utilizing modern inputs like high-yielding variety seeds and advanced machinery [1]. Major types of commercial agriculture include dairy farming, grain farming, and livestock ranching. Dairy farming focuses on milk products, grain farming on crops like wheat for human consumption, and livestock ranching involves the organized, capital-intensive rearing of animals on permanent ranches [2]. In contrast, intensive subsistence agriculture is a form of subsistence farming where products are primarily grown for local consumption by the farmer's family [3]. It is typically found in densely populated regions of monsoon Asia, characterized by small land holdings, high manual labor, and limited use of machinery [4]. Therefore, intensive subsistence agriculture is categorized under subsistence farming rather than commercial agriculture [3].

Sources

1. [1] NCERT. (2022). Contemporary India II: Textbook in Geography for Class X (Revised ed.). NCERT. > Chapter 4: The Age of Industrialisation > Commercial Farming > p. 80
2. [2] FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: Primary Activities > Commercial Livestock Rearing > p. 24
3. [3] FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: Primary Activities > Subsistence Agriculture > p. 25
4. [4] FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: Primary Activities > Intensive Subsistence Agriculture > p. 27