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Q36 (IAS/2014) Geography › Maps & Locations › Conflict and strategic regions Official Key

Consider the following pairs : Region often in news Country 1. Chechnya : Russian Federation 2. Darfur : Mali 3. Swat Valley : Iraq Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?

Result
Your answer: —  ·  Correct: A
Explanation

Chechnya is a republic within Russia that has had violent secessionist movements[1], confirming that pair 1 (Chechnya: Russian Federation) is correctly matched.

Pair 2 is incorrect. Darfur is a region in western Sudan[3], not Mali. Darfur has been the site of a major humanitarian crisis and conflict in Sudan.

Pair 3 is also incorrect. Swat Valley is actually located in Pakistan, specifically in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, not in Iraq. It gained international attention due to Taliban insurgency and military operations in the region during the late 2000s.

Therefore, only pair 1 is correctly matched, making option A the correct answer.

Sources
  1. [1] Contemporary World Politics, Textbook in political science for Class XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 1: The End of Bipolarity > Tensions and Conflicts > p. 10
  2. [2] https://origins.osu.edu/article/worlds-worst-humanitarian-crisis-understanding-darfur-conflict
  3. [3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darfur
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Q. Consider the following pairs : Region often in news Country 1. Chechnya : Russian Federation 2. Darfur : Mali 3. Swat Valley : Iraq …
At a glance
Origin: Books + Current Affairs Fairness: Low / Borderline fairness Books / CA: 3.3/10 · 3.3/10

This question masquerades as 'Current Affairs' but is actually rooted in static NCERT Political Science examples. Chechnya and Darfur are explicitly cited in Class XII 'Contemporary World Politics' as case studies for conflict and UN intervention. If you skipped the 'examples' in Pol Sci to focus only on theory, you lost 2 marks.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
Is Chechnya a region (federal subject) of the Russian Federation?
Origin: Direct from books Fairness: Straightforward Book-answerable
From standard books
Contemporary World Politics, Textbook in political science for Class XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 1: The End of Bipolarity > Tensions and Conflicts > p. 10
Presence: 5/5
“Most of the former Soviet Republics are prone to conflicts, and many have had civil wars and insurgencies. Complicating the picture is the growing involvement of outside powers. In Russia, two republics, Chechnya and Dagestan, have had violent secessionist movements. Moscow's method of dealing with the Chechen rebels and indiscriminate military bombings have led to many human rights violations but failed to deter the aspirations for independence. In Central Asia, Tajikistan witnessed a civil war that went on for ten years till 2001. The region as a whole has many sectarian conflicts. In Azerbaijan's province of Nagorno-Karabakh, some local Armenians want to secede and join Armenia.”
Why this source?
  • Explicitly names Chechnya as one of the republics in Russia (paired with Dagestan).
  • Discusses secessionist movements within Russia in those republics, which presumes their status as federal units of the Russian state.
Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 92: World Constitutions > RUSSIAN CONSTITUTION > p. 688
Presence: 4/5
“It provides for a federal state. The Russian Federation consists of 21 Republics, 6 Territories (Krai), 49 Regions (Oblast), 10 Autonomous Areas (Avtonomy Okrug),”
Why this source?
  • States that the Russian Federation consists of 21 Republics among other federal subjects.
  • Provides the constitutional category ('Republics') into which Chechnya (named in snippet 7) would fall.
Statement 2
Is Darfur a region located in the country of Mali?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"_A map showing various wilayat, or states, of the Darfur region in western Sudan._"
Why this source?
  • Explicitly identifies Darfur as a region in western Sudan.
  • Provides a map caption that ties the Darfur region to Sudan, not Mali.
Web source
Presence: 5/5
"The rival Government of Peace and Unity established a parallel regional administration in 2025 following their takeover of the Darfur region during the Sudanese civil war."
Why this source?
  • States that actors established a regional administration after taking over the Darfur region during the Sudanese civil war, linking Darfur to Sudan.
  • Describes the Darfur region as divided into five federal states, indicating it is part of Sudan's internal administrative structure.

Contemporary World Politics, Textbook in political science for Class XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: International Organisations > Jurisdiction of the UN > p. 56
Strength: 5/5
“© Pat Bagley, Cagle Cartoons Inc. The humanitarian crisis in Darfur, Sudan since 2003 has attracted empty promises by the International Community. How do you think the UN can intervene in situations like this? Would that require a change in its jurisdiction? each and every conflict? Similarly, what is the responsibility of the international community in dealing with atrocities? What are human rights and who should determine the level of human rights violations and the course of action to be taken when they are violated? Given that so many countries are still part of the developing world, how realistic is it for the UN to achieve an ambitious set of goals such as those listed in the Sustainable Development Goals?”
Why relevant

Explicitly refers to "the humanitarian crisis in Darfur, Sudan," linking Darfur to Sudan.

How to extend

A student could check a map to confirm Darfur's location within Sudan and compare distances to Mali to judge the statement.

Political Theory, Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 6: Citizenship > 6.5 UNIVERSAL CITIZENSHIP > p. 92
Strength: 5/5
“When we think of refugees, or illegal migrants, many images may come to mind. One may be of people from Asia or Africa who have paid agents to smuggle them into Europe or America. The risks are high but they seem willing to make the effort. Another image may be of people displaced by war or famine. Such images are often shown on the television. Refugees in the Darfur region of Sudan, Palestinians, Burmese or Bangladeshis, the examples are many. All these are people who have been forced to become refugees in their own, or neighbouring countries.”
Why relevant

Mentions "Refugees in the Darfur region of Sudan," again identifying Darfur as part of Sudan.

How to extend

Use this repeated textual identification plus a map to infer that Darfur is not Mali but a region in Sudan.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 6: Environmental Degradation and Management > dESErtIfIcatIon or dESErtISatIon. > p. 17
Strength: 4/5
“In countries where desertifcation is particularly extensive and severe are Jordan, Lebanon, Somalia, Ethiopia, Southern Sudan, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and Western Sahara. Te Sahel region of Africa sufers severe drought after every two years. In the decade of 1990 it recorded one of the worst drought as a result of which the crop production was minimal and thousands of people died because of starvation. Te resulting threat of starvation spurs population of the afected areas to increase their farming and livestock pressure on the denuded land, further contributing to their desertifcation. It has been suggested that Mali may be the frst country in the world rendered uninhabitable by environmental destruction.”
Why relevant

Lists Mali among Sahel countries affected by desertification, showing Mali as a distinct Sahel nation.

How to extend

Combine this list with the Darfur–Sudan association and a world map to see Mali and Sudan are separate countries.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 8: Natural Hazards and Disaster Management > Causes of Famines > p. 83
Strength: 4/5
“Africa has witnessed a catastrophic growth in the incidence of both mass starvation and chronic hunger. Te famine vulnerable countries of the world have been shown in Fig. 8.32. It may be observed from Fig. 8.32 that the worst afected areas of famine lie in the continent of Africa. Te Sahel region, stretching over Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan, Chad, Niger, Nigeria, Mali, Mauritania, Burkina Faso and Madagascar record one famine year after almost every two years. Te deaths in the famines of the decade of 1990s were in millions. Te other highly vulnerable areas to famines are Mongolia, western parts of China, parts of Afghanistan, Iran, Baluchistan, Sindh (Pakistan), Bangladesh, Myanmar, parts of India Central American countries and parts of Bolivia and Paraguay (Fig.”
Why relevant

Shows the Sahel region includes Mali (alongside Sudan in broader Sahel mentions), establishing Mali's regional identity.

How to extend

A student can use this to place Mali within the Sahel and then map Sahel countries to compare Mali's position relative to Darfur/Sudan.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 6: Environmental Degradation and Management > SoIl EroSIon. > p. 18
Strength: 4/5
“Te worst afected areas of soil erosion have been shown in Fig. 6.7. Tese areas include: 1. USA Grainlands (Prairies), 2. Central Mexico, 3. North-East Brazil, 4. North Africa (Egypt, Libya, Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco), 5. Sahel region of Africa stretching over Somalia, Ethiopia, southern Sudan, Chad, Niger, Mali, Mauritania, and Western Sahara, 6. Botswana and Namibia, 7. Middle-East, 8. Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, etc.), 9. Mongolia, 10. Yangtze-Hwang Ho basins of China, 11. Himalayan region (Siwalik and Lesser Himalayas), 12. Baluchistan, 13. Rajasthan (Tar Desert), and 14. the desert and semi-arid regions of Australia.”
Why relevant

Mentions the Sahel region stretching over several countries including Mali and southern Sudan, indicating Mali and Sudan are listed separately.

How to extend

Extend by consulting a political map to confirm that Mali and Sudan are distinct countries and that Darfur is associated with Sudan.

Statement 3
Is Swat Valley a region located in the country of Iraq?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
Themes in world history, History Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 1: Writing and City Life > Mesopotamia and its Geography > p. 10
Strength: 4/5
“Iraq is a land of diverse environments. In the north-east lie green, undulating plains, gradually rising to tree-covered mountain ranges with clear streams and wild flowers, with enough rainfall to grow crops. Here, agriculture began between 7000 and 6000 BCE. In the north, there is a stretch of upland called a steppe, where animal herding offers people a better livelihood than agriculture - after the winter rains, sheep and goats feed on the grasses and low shrubs that grow here. To the east, tributaries of the Tigris provide routes of”
Why relevant

Describes Iraq as Mesopotamia/Tigris–Euphrates country with uplands and mountain ranges in the north — establishes the typical geographic context of Iraq.

How to extend

A student could check a world/regional map to see whether Swat Valley lies within the Mesopotamian/Tigris–Euphrates geographic area described for Iraq.

Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 30: Climatic Regions > The Settled Cultivators > p. 444
Strength: 5/5
“• Modem concrete dams constructed across the Nile, e.g. Aswan and Sennar Dams improved agriculture. In the same way, desert cultivators rely on the Indus in Pakistan, the Tigris-Euphrates in Iraq, and Colorado in the Imperial Valley of California.• In the deserts, wherever there are oases (depressions where underground water reaches the surface), some form of settled life is observed. Some oases are abnormally large like the Tafilalet Oasis in Morocco (7,500 km2 ). A wall is usually constructed around the oasis to keep out the violent dust storms called simooms.• The most important tree is the date palm. The fruit is consumed locally and also exported.”
Why relevant

Contrasts the Indus in Pakistan with the Tigris–Euphrates in Iraq, showing these are distinct river/valley systems tied to different countries.

How to extend

A student could locate Swat relative to the Indus basin on a map; if Swat is in the Indus system, that would argue against it being in Iraq.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 6: Environmental Degradation and Management > SalInISatIon. > p. 15
Strength: 4/5
“According to Tomas, the seriously afected areas of the world are largely confned to the semiarid areas of Mesopotamia (Iraq), Nile Valley (Egypt), Indus Valley (Pakistan), San Joaquin Valley (California), Te Syr and Amu Valleys in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, the lower reaches of Huang-He (Hwang-Ho) and Changjiang (Yangtse-Kiang) and the states of Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh of India. In several semi-arid areas, the saline afected soils have been reclaimed for agriculture by the application of gypsum with cow-dung, and by the cultivation of green manuring crops. Tough remedial measures may be attempted, including eforts to fush excess salts out of the soil, salinisation may simply be a facet of attempting to increase crop yields in environments generally unsuited to agriculture.”
Why relevant

Lists Mesopotamia (Iraq) and Indus Valley (Pakistan) as separate named valleys/regions affected by salinisation, implying separate regional identities.

How to extend

Using this distinction, a student could check which named valley Swat is associated with (Indus-region vs Mesopotamia) to judge the statement.

CONTEMPORARY INDIA-I ,Geography, Class IX . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 2: Physical Features of India > MAJOR PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS > p. 8
Strength: 3/5
“This range consists of the famous valley of Kashmir, the Kangra and Kullu Valley in Himachal Pradesh. This region is well-known for its hill stations. • Location of Mussoorie, Nainital, Ranikhet from your atlas and also name the state where they are located. The outer-most range of the Himalayas is called the Shiwaliks. They extend over a width”
Why relevant

Discusses the Kashmir valley and other South Asian valleys as part of the Himalayan/Indian geographic system, indicating many ‘valleys’ in the region are in South Asia.

How to extend

A student could infer that a valley commonly referenced alongside Kashmir/Kangra/Kullu in South Asian sources is more likely in South Asia than in Iraq and verify Swat's placement on a South Asia map.

Politics in India since Independence, Textbook in political science for Class XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: Regional Aspirations > Jammu and Kashmir > p. 115
Strength: 3/5
“It is predominantly inhabited by the Hindus. Muslims, Sikhs and people of other denominations also reside in this region. The Kashmir region mainly comprises of the Kashmir valley. It is inhabited mostly by Kashmiri Muslims with the remaining being Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists and others. The Ladakh region is mainly mountainous. It has very little population which is almost equally divided between Buddhists and Muslims.”
Why relevant

Focuses on the Kashmir valley as a distinct regional valley in South Asia (India/Pakistan context), reinforcing the pattern that named valleys in that part of the world are not in Iraq.

How to extend

A student could compare the political/geographic contexts of named valleys (Kashmir vs Mesopotamia) and then confirm Swat's political location using a map or atlas.

Pattern takeaway: UPSC extracts 'Places in News' from the static textbooks of Political Science and Geography, not just The Hindu. If a region is used as a case study for 'Secession' (Chechnya) or 'Human Rights' (Darfur) in NCERT, it becomes a high-probability prelims question.
How you should have studied
  1. [THE VERDICT]: Sitter (via Elimination). Source: NCERT Class XII Contemporary World Politics (Page 10 for Chechnya, Page 56 for Darfur).
  2. [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: International Relations > Effect of policies of developed/developing countries. Specifically, 'Post-Cold War Conflicts' and 'Humanitarian Crises'.
  3. [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Map these conflict zones: Tigray (Ethiopia), Nagorno-Karabakh (Azerbaijan), Idlib (Syria), Rakhine (Myanmar), Donbas (Ukraine), and Catalonia (Spain).
  4. [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: When NCERT mentions a foreign conflict (e.g., 'Civil war in Tajikistan' or 'Crisis in Darfur'), immediately locate it on a map. Do not treat these as throwaway text; they are the examiner's primary database for 'Places in News'.
Concept hooks from this question
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Federal subjects of the Russian Federation (types & counts)
💡 The insight

Reference [1] lists the constituent categories (republics, krais, oblasts, autonomous okrugs, federal cities), which is the structural basis for asking whether Chechnya is a federal subject.

High-yield for polity/governance questions: knowing the categories and typical counts of federal units helps answer questions on Russia's territorial structure and compare federal systems. Connects to comparative federalism and region-specific conflict questions; learn by tabulating types and notable examples.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 92: World Constitutions > RUSSIAN CONSTITUTION > p. 688
🔗 Anchor: "Is Chechnya a region (federal subject) of the Russian Federation?"
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Republics within Russia and internal secessionist dynamics
💡 The insight

Reference [7] explicitly identifies Chechnya (and Dagestan) as Russian republics that experienced secessionist movements.

Important for questions on internal security, federal integrity and regional insurgencies. Helps link constitutional status (republic) with political/ethnic conflicts and policy responses; revise case studies (Chechnya) and Centre–region relations.

📚 Reading List :
  • Contemporary World Politics, Textbook in political science for Class XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 1: The End of Bipolarity > Tensions and Conflicts > p. 10
  • Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 92: World Constitutions > RUSSIAN CONSTITUTION > p. 688
🔗 Anchor: "Is Chechnya a region (federal subject) of the Russian Federation?"
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Concept of 'federation' and naming of federal units
💡 The insight

References [2]/[3]/[6] define federation and note that units in federations take names like 'republics' in Russia, clarifying terminology behind the statement.

Core constitutional concept for UPSC polity: understanding what 'federation' implies and the nomenclature of its units aids in answering comparative polity questions and spotting distractors. Master by linking definitions to country examples and practicing application-based questions.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 14: Federal System > Federal System > p. 137
  • Laxmikanth, M. Indian Polity. 7th ed., McGraw Hill. > Chapter 14: Federal System > Federal System > p. 137
  • Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 3: Concept of the Constitution > D I Federal and Unitary > p. 24
🔗 Anchor: "Is Chechnya a region (federal subject) of the Russian Federation?"
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Location of Darfur
💡 The insight

References explicitly identify Darfur as a region of Sudan, directly relevant to the claim that it is in Mali.

High-yield for map-based and current-affairs questions: knowing which country contains major conflict regions (e.g., Darfur) is essential for questions on internal conflict, humanitarian crises, and bilateral relations. Master via map drills and NCERT/current-affairs case studies to avoid conflating neighbouring Sahel countries.

📚 Reading List :
  • Contemporary World Politics, Textbook in political science for Class XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: International Organisations > Jurisdiction of the UN > p. 56
  • Political Theory, Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 6: Citizenship > 6.5 UNIVERSAL CITIZENSHIP > p. 92
🔗 Anchor: "Is Darfur a region located in the country of Mali?"
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Sahel region: countries, drought and desertification
💡 The insight

Multiple references list Sahel countries (including Mali and Sudan), showing why confusion between countries in the same sub-region can arise.

Valuable for geography and environment questions: Sahel’s transnational environmental issues (desertification, famines) are frequently tested and linked to security and development topics. Learn by memorising Sahel country list, studying environmental drivers, and practicing map-based questions.

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 6: Environmental Degradation and Management > dESErtIfIcatIon or dESErtISatIon. > p. 17
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 8: Natural Hazards and Disaster Management > Causes of Famines > p. 83
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 6: Environmental Degradation and Management > SoIl EroSIon. > p. 18
🔗 Anchor: "Is Darfur a region located in the country of Mali?"
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Refugee crises and international response / UN jurisdiction
💡 The insight

References discuss the Darfur humanitarian crisis, refugees, and questions about UN intervention, connecting location knowledge to policy and international-law issues.

Important for polity and international-relations papers: exam items often ask about humanitarian intervention, refugees, and responsibility of international community. Use case studies (Darfur) from NCERTs and practice answer frameworks on UN jurisdiction and humanitarian response.

📚 Reading List :
  • Contemporary World Politics, Textbook in political science for Class XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: International Organisations > Jurisdiction of the UN > p. 56
  • Contemporary World Politics, Textbook in political science for Class XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Security in the Contemporary World > New Sources of Threats > p. 74
  • Political Theory, Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 6: Citizenship > 6.5 UNIVERSAL CITIZENSHIP > p. 92
🔗 Anchor: "Is Darfur a region located in the country of Mali?"
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S3
👉 Mesopotamia and modern Iraq
💡 The insight

Several references equate Mesopotamia with modern-day Iraq and describe Iraq's geography (e.g., Mesopotamia (Iraq) semiarid areas; landscape of Iraq).

High-yield for UPSC: mapping ancient regions to contemporary states is often tested in history and geography. It links ancient history (Mesopotamia) to modern geopolitics and resource questions. Prepare by cross-referencing classical region names with current country borders and practising map identification.

📚 Reading List :
  • Themes in world history, History Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 1: Writing and City Life > Mesopotamia and its Geography > p. 10
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 6: Environmental Degradation and Management > SalInISatIon. > p. 15
🔗 Anchor: "Is Swat Valley a region located in the country of Iraq?"
🌑 The Hidden Trap

Nagorno-Karabakh (Azerbaijan). It appears on the exact same page (p.10) as Chechnya in the NCERT 'Contemporary World Politics' textbook under 'Tensions and Conflicts'. It was a dormant fact in 2014 but became a major question later.

⚡ Elimination Cheat Code

The 'Malala' Logic: Swat Valley is globally famous as the home of Malala Yousafzai (Nobel Laureate). If you know Malala = Pakistan, then Swat cannot be in Iraq. Eliminating Pair 3 removes options [B], [C], and [D] instantly. The answer must be [A].

🔗 Mains Connection

Link 'Darfur' to GS3 Environment: The conflict is often cited as the first 'Climate Change War' due to desertification driving the violence (resource crunch between herders and farmers). This connects Geography (Sahel) to Security.

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