Consider the following pairs : Regions sometimes mentioned in news Country 1. Catalonia - Spain 2. Crimea - Hungary 3. Mindanao - Philippines 4. Oromia - Nigeria Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched ?

Describes Basque as a hilly region in Spain recognised as an 'autonomous' region within the Spanish federation, illustrating that Spain contains named subnational regions with distinct identities.

A student could infer Spain has multiple autonomous regions and check a map or list of Spanish autonomous communities to see whether Catalonia is one of them.

Mentions Spain facing secessionist movements (Basques) alongside examples of regional aspirations in other countries, highlighting that regions in Spain can seek autonomy or independence.

Use this pattern (regions in Spain with secessionist movements) and compare news about Catalonia to see if it is discussed in the same national context (Spain) and as an autonomous region.

Explains a federal country (Belgium) is made up of named regions and communities, providing a general rule that some European countries are divided into regions with legal recognition.

Apply the same reasoning to Spain: look for whether Spain is divided into legally recognised regions (autonomous communities) and check if Catalonia appears among them on a basic political map or list.

Defines 'regionalism' as sub-national or sub-territorial loyalty and notes subregions form parts of states, giving a conceptual frame for interpreting news about distinct regions within countries.

With this concept, a student can treat Catalonia as a sub-national region and then verify which state it is part of by consulting standard references or maps that list sub-national units.

Mentions the Black Earth region of Ukraine as part of the Eurasian steppes, linking Ukraine to the Black Sea/plain geography.

A student could note Crimea lies on the Black Sea coast and extend this by checking maps showing Crimea's position relative to Ukraine's Black Sea regions.

Defines the Balkans as the region between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, highlighting the Black Sea as a recognizable regional anchor.

Using a basic map of Europe that marks the Black Sea, a student could locate Crimea on that sea and then determine which adjacent country it is associated with.

Reports Russian naval activity and bases in the region, indicating strategic interest by Russia in maritime areas connected to the Black Sea.

A student could combine this with a map showing Black Sea coastline states to investigate which coastal territories (like Crimea) are contested or host naval forces.

Discusses the term 'Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership' in the context of ASEAN and lists ASEAN as a news-relevant regional grouping in South-East Asia.

A student could note Mindanao is a named region often in South-East Asian news and, using a map or list of ASEAN countries, check which ASEAN member contains Mindanao.

Describes the South Asian/nearby regional boundaries and mentions Myanmar being sometimes included, highlighting that regional labels in South and South-East Asia are geographically based.

Using this rule (regions correspond to geographic areas), a student could place Mindanao on a map of South-East Asia to see which country it lies in.

Lists insular South-East Asia as a distinct high-density area (mentions 'insular South-East Asia'), implying many named regions are islands or island groups.

A student could infer Mindanao is likely an insular region in South-East Asia and then use a map to identify the island and its sovereign state.

Defines the Indo-Burma biogeographic region across eastern Bangladesh to Malaysia, showing that regional definitions span specific countries in mainland and insular South-East Asia.

A student could use the pattern that named regions belong to particular countries in South-East Asia and consult a map to place Mindanao within a country's territory.

Shows that names like 'the North-East' denote a subnational region within a single country (India) and are used in news and textbooks to refer to internal administrative/physiographic regions.

A student can apply this pattern and check whether 'Oromia' is similarly a named subnational region by consulting a political map of the world or a country's administrative map.

Explains that some region names (e.g., 'Indo-Burma') span multiple countries, illustrating the two possibilities for any region name: internal (within one country) or transnational.

Use this rule to decide whether Oromia is likely internal or transnational by locating the name on a regional map (Asia vs Africa) to see if it lies wholly within one country's borders.

Discusses the continent of Africa and lists countries and regional issues, highlighting that many region names discussed in geography and socio-economic texts refer to African territories.

A student can combine this with a world map to check if Oromia is an African region (and then which African country contains it).

Notes that regional boundaries (e.g., of South Asia) are sometimes unclear at borders, indicating that region names often require checking a map to confirm national affiliation.

Apply this general caution: consult a reliable political/world map when a region name like 'Oromia' appears in news to determine the country it belongs to.