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Q21 (IAS/2014) History & Culture › Medieval India › Medieval administrative terminology Official Key

In medieval India, the designations 'Mahattara' and 'Pattakila' were used for

Result
Your answer:  ·  Correct: B
Explanation

In medieval India, the designations 'Mahattara' and 'Pattakila' were primarily used for village[3] headmen.[2] They were local administrative officials[4] who played an important role in village-level administration. There are references to officials known as ayuktakas and vithi-mahattaras[5] in administrative records from the Gupta period. The Damodarpur copper plate of the reign of Budhagupta mentions an ashtakula-adhikarana (a board of eight members) headed by the mahattara.[5] This indicates that the Mahattara held a position of authority at the local level, functioning as the head of village administrative bodies. These designations were thus part of the administrative nomenclature for local governance rather than being associated with military, religious, or guild-related functions.

Sources
  1. [2] https://abhipedia.abhimanu.com/Article/IAS/MjA1MzQ1/In-medieval-India-the-designations-lsquo-Mahattara-rsquo-and-lsquo-Pattakila-rsquo-were-used-for-nbs-Modern-Indian-History-
  2. [4] https://abhipedia.abhimanu.com/Article/IAS/MjA1MzQ1/In-medieval-India-the-designations-lsquo-Mahattara-rsquo-and-lsquo-Pattakila-rsquo-were-used-for-nbs-Modern-Indian-History-
  3. [5] History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > Administrative Units below the District level > p. 94
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Q. In medieval India, the designations 'Mahattara' and 'Pattakila' were used for [A] military officers [B] village headmen [C] specialist…
At a glance
Origin: Mostly Current Affairs Fairness: Low / Borderline fairness Books / CA: 0/10 · 10/10

This is a classic 'Glossary Question' targeting administrative terminology. 'Mahattara' is a standard term in Gupta administration (Damodarpur copper plates) for village elders, while 'Pattakila' (root for Patil/Patel) refers to the headman. If you skipped the 'Administration' sub-headings in standard texts like TN Board or RS Sharma, you likely missed this.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
In medieval India, were the designations "Mahattara" and "Pattakila" used for military officers?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"In medieval India, the designations ‘Mahattara’ and ‘Pattakila’ were primarily used for (b) village headmen."
Why this source?
  • Explicitly answers the quiz item and gives the correct option as village headmen, not military officers.
  • Provides an explanation that the terms referred to local administrators/village headmen.
Web source
Presence: 5/5
"The designations "Mahattara" and "Pattakila" were indeed used for village headmen during medieval times in India."
Why this source?
  • Direct statement that the designations were used for village headmen during medieval times.
  • Frames the terms as local administrative officials, which contradicts the assertion they were military titles.
Web source
Presence: 5/5
"In medieval India, the designations 'Mahattara' and 'Pattakila' were used for village headmen."
Why this source?
  • Provides the same answer: these designations were used for village headmen.
  • Reinforces the consensus across multiple sources that the terms do not denote military officers.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > Army > p. 94
Strength: 5/5
“Seals and inscriptions mention military designations such as baladhikrita and mahabaladhikrita (commander of infantry and cavalry). The standard term "senapati" does not occur in Gupta inscriptions, but the term could be found in some Vakataka epigraphs. A Vaishali seal mentions the ranabhandagaradhikarana, which is the office of the military storehouse. Another Vaishali seal mentions the adhikarana (office) of the dandapashika, which may have been a district-level police office. The officials connected specifically with the royal establishment included the mahapratiara (chief of the palace guards) and the khadyatapakita (superintendent of the royal kitchen). A Vaishali seal mentions a person both as a mahapratihara and a taravara.”
Why relevant

Seals and inscriptions list many non-standard military and court designations (e.g., baladhikrita, mahabaladhikrita, mahapratihara), showing that regionally specific titles were commonly used.

How to extend

A student could search regional seals/inscriptions for the specific words Mahattara or Pattakila (or linguistic variants) because such sources often preserve local titles.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > Ministers and other Officials > p. 93
Strength: 4/5
“Seals and inscriptions make a mention of official ranks and designations, whose precise meaning is often uncertain. The term "kumaramatya" occurs in six Vaishali seals, which suggests that this title represented a high-ranking officer associated with an office (adikarana) of his own. The designation "amatya" occurs on several Bita seals, and the "kumaramatya" seems to have been pre-eminent among amatyas and equivalent in status to princes of royal blood. Individuals holding the rank of Kumaramatya sometimes had additional designations as well, and such ranks were hereditary. For example, Harisena, composer of the Allahabad prashasti (inscriptions of praise), was a Kumaramatya, Sandhivigrahika and Mahadandanayaka, and was the son of Dhruvabhuti, a mahadandanayaka.”
Why relevant

The snippet emphasises that official ranks named in seals have uncertain meanings and could be hereditary or linked to offices (e.g., kumaramatya), illustrating that titles did not always map clearly onto modern categories like 'military officer.'

How to extend

A student could examine occurrences of Mahattara/Pattakila in lists of amatyas/officials to see if they co-occur with known military offices.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 8: Harsha and Rise of Regional Kingdoms > Administration of Army > p. 108
Strength: 5/5
“Harsha paid great attention to discipline and strength of the army. The army consisted of elephants, cavalry and infantry. Horses were imported. Ordinary soldiers were known as Chatas and Bhatas. Cavalry officers were called Brihadisvaras. Infantry officers were known as Baladhikritas and Mahabaladhikritas. Hieun Tsang mentions the four divisions (chaturanga) of Harsha's army. He gives details about the strength of each division, its recruitment system and payment for the recruits.”
Why relevant

Specific military officer titles are attested (e.g., Brihadisvaras for cavalry, Baladhikritas for infantry), showing that medieval sources often use specialized terms for different military roles.

How to extend

A student could check whether Mahattara or Pattakila appear in contexts describing army divisions (elephants, cavalry, infantry) to infer a military function.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 12: Bahmani and Vijayanagar Kingdoms > Nayak System > p. 183
Strength: 3/5
“The term Nayak is used from thirteenth century onwards in Telugu and Kannada areas in the sense of a military leader or simply soldier. Assigning the revenue of a particular locality to the Nayak for their military service is found in the Kakatiya kingdom during the thirteenth century. This is similar to the iqta system practiced by the Delhi Sultanate at that time. Nuniz says that the Vijayanagar kingdom at that time was divided between more than two hundred captains (his translation for Nayak) and they were compelled in turn to keep certain number of military forces (horses and foot soldiers) to serve the king in times of need: they were also required to pay certain amount of the revenue to the king in particular times of a year, like during the nine-day Mahanavami festival Bahmani and Vijayanagar Kingdoms Ÿ”
Why relevant

The term 'Nayak' is cited as a regional military leader title (Telugu/Kannada areas), indicating that titles for military commanders varied by region and language.

How to extend

Using regional scope as a guide, a student might look for Mahattara/Pattakila in inscriptions or records from particular linguistic areas (e.g., Tamil, Kannada, Telugu) where unique military titles appear.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 15: The Marathas > Army > p. 236
Strength: 3/5
“The Maratha military system under the Peshwas was modelled on the Mughal military system. The mode of recruitment, payment of salaries, provisions for the families of the soldiers, and the importance given to the cavalry.”
Why relevant

The Maratha military system modelled on earlier systems and used specific ranks and recruitment modes, showing continuity and adaptation of military nomenclature across periods.

How to extend

A student could trace whether Mahattara/Pattakila show up in later or regional military records (e.g., Deccan, Maratha sources) as adapted or surviving titles.

Statement 2
In medieval India, were the designations "Mahattara" and "Pattakila" used for village headmen?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"Ans: (b) village headmen Explanation: In medieval India, the designations ‘Mahattara’ and ‘Pattakila’ were primarily used for (b) village headmen."
Why this source?
  • Directly answers the question with the choice: 'Ans: (b) village headmen'.
  • Provides an explicit explanation stating the terms referred to village headmen/local administrators.
Web source
Presence: 5/5
"The designations "Mahattara" and "Pattakila" were indeed used for village headmen during medieval times in India. They were local administrative officials"
Why this source?
  • Explicitly states the designations were used for village headmen during medieval times.
  • Adds that they were local administrative officials, reinforcing the village headman role.
Web source
Presence: 5/5
"In medieval India, the designations 'Mahattara' and 'Pattakila' were used for village headmen."
Why this source?
  • Answers the multiple-choice question by stating the terms were used for village headmen.
  • Explains the village headman's role, linking the designation to community leadership and duties.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > Administrative Units below the District level > p. 94
Strength: 5/5
“The administrative units below the district level included clusters of settlements known variously as vithi, bhumi, pathaka and peta. There are references to officials known as ayuktakas and vithi-mahattaras. At the village level, villagers chose functionaries such as gramika and gramadhyaksha. The Damodarpur copper plate of the reign of Budhagupta mentions an ashtakula-adhikarana (a board of eight members) headed by the mahattara.”
Why relevant

Explicit reference to 'vithi-mahattaras' and a mahattara heading an ashtakula-adhikarana shows 'mahattara' functioned as an official title in village-level administration.

How to extend

A student could check geographic and chronological context of the Damodarpur copper plate (reign of Budhagupta) and compare with other inscriptions to see where 'mahattara' appears as a local headman title.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 9: Cultural Development in South India > Village Administration > p. 120
Strength: 4/5
“The traditional revenue officials of the villages were called the nala-kavundas. The central figure in village administration was kamunda or pokigan, who were appointed by the kings. The village accountant was karana and he was otherwise called gramani. Law and order of the village was in the hands of a group of people called mahajanam. There was a special officer called mahapurush, in charge of maintaining order and peace of the village. Nagarapatis or Purapatis were the officials of the towns.”
Why relevant

Lists many local village-level office titles (kamunda, pokigan, karana/gramani, mahajanam, mahapurush), indicating a pattern of diverse regional terms for village officials.

How to extend

Use this pattern to infer that less-common terms like 'Pattakila' might be regional variants; a student could search regional sources or maps (south/north, language zones) for cognates.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Emergence of State and Empire > District and Village Administration > p. 55
Strength: 3/5
“At the next level of administration came the districts, villages and towns. The district was under the command of a sthanika, while officials known as gopas were in charge of five to ten villages. Urban administration was handled by a nagarika. Villages were semi-autonomous and were under the authority of a gramani, appointed by the central government, and a council of village elders.”
Why relevant

Mentions gramani and a council of village elders and names of officials in multi-tier administration, illustrating that villages used both appointed and elected functionaries with varied titles.

How to extend

Combine this administrative pattern with linguistic knowledge (e.g., Sanskritic vs. Dravidian forms) to test whether 'Pattakila' could be a local variant of a known office.

THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 8: Peasants, Zamindars and the State > 2.2 Panchayats and headmen > p. 202
Strength: 3/5
“Headmen held office as long as they enjoyed the confidence of the village elders, failing which they could be dismissed by them. The chief function of the headman was to supervise the preparation of village accounts, assisted by the accountant or patwari of the panchayat. The panchayat derived its funds from contributions made by individuals to a common financial pool. These funds were used for defraying the costs of entertaining revenue officials who visited the village from time to time. Expenses for community welfare activities such as tiding over”
Why relevant

Describes the functions of 'headmen' (account supervision, confidence of elders), giving criteria to judge whether a named title served as a headman rather than a different role.

How to extend

Compare the functions attributed to known headmen here with duties associated with 'mahattara' (from snippet 1) or any occurrences of 'Pattakila' in primary sources to see if roles match.

THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART III, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 9: COLONIALISM AND THE COUNTRYSIDE > 1.3 Why zamindars defaulted on payments > p. 230
Strength: 2/5
“At other times ryots deliberately delayed payment. Rich ryots and village headmen – jotedars and mandals – were only too happy to see the zamindar in trouble. The zamindar could therefore not easily assert his power over them. Zamindars could prosecute defaulters, but the judicial process was long drawn. In Burdwan alone there were over 30,000 pending suits for arrears of rent payment in 1798.”
Why relevant

Gives examples of other local headman designations (jotedars, mandals) showing terminological variety and social roles tied to 'village headmen'.

How to extend

Use this example of terminological diversity to justify searching district- or caste-specific records for 'Pattakila' as a local headman term.

Statement 3
In medieval India, were the designations "Mahattara" and "Pattakila" used for specialists in Vedic rituals?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"Ans: (b) village headmen Explanation: In medieval India, the designations ‘Mahattara’ and ‘Pattakila’ were primarily used for (b) village headmen."
Why this source?
  • Explicitly gives the answer choice: (b) village headmen rather than specialists in Vedic rituals.
  • Provides an explanation stating the terms were commonly used to refer to village headmen/local administrators.
Web source
Presence: 5/5
"The designations "Mahattara" and "Pattakila" were indeed used for village headmen during medieval times in India."
Why this source?
  • Direct statement that the designations were used for village headmen during medieval times.
  • Frames the terms as local administrative officials, not as Vedic ritual specialists.
Web source
Presence: 5/5
"In medieval India, the designations 'Mahattara' and 'Pattakila' were used for **village headmen**."
Why this source?
  • States the designations were used for village headmen, repeating the same answer.
  • Reinforces that the correct identification is village headmen, contradicting the claim about Vedic specialists.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 2: Early India: The Chalcolithic, Megalithic, Iron Age and Vedic Cultures > Social Organization > p. 28
Strength: 4/5
“In later Vedic society the importance of the purohita (priest) is stressed, as mentioned in the Vedic texts. The system of four Varnas had taken deep root and became rigid in the course of time. The popularity of rituals helped the Brahmanas to attain power. Brahmanas became important and the kings supported them, although they had conflicts with Rajanyas, the warrior nobles. The concept of dvija (twice-born) developed and the upanayana (sacred thread) was limited to the upper sections of the society. This ceremony marked the initiation for education. The fourth Early India: The Chalcolithic, Megalithic, Iron Age and Vedic Cultures 28”
Why relevant

States the growing importance of the purohita (priest) and the power of Brahmanas in later Vedic society—showing that specialized ritual roles and titles existed and were socially significant.

How to extend

A student could check medieval epigraphic and literary records for specific priestly titles (beyond 'purohita')—e.g., look for occurrences of 'Mahattara' or 'Pattakila' in inscriptions or lists of ritual specialists.

THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART I, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings > 2.1 The sacrificial tradition > p. 84
Strength: 4/5
“There were several pre-existing traditions of thought, religious belief and practice, including the early Vedic tradition, known from the Rigveda, compiled between c.1500 and 1000 BCE. The Rigveda consists of hymns in praise of a variety of deities, especially Agni, Indra and Soma. Many of these hymns were chanted when sacrifices were performed, where people prayed for cattle, sons, good health, long life, etc. At first, sacrifices were performed collectively. Later (c. 1000 BCE-500 BCE onwards) some were performed by the heads of households for the wellbeing of the domestic unit. More elaborate sacrifices, such as the rajasuya and ashvamedha, were performed by chiefs and kings who depended on Brahmana priests to conduct the ritual.”
Why relevant

Notes that elaborate sacrifices (like ashvamedha) were performed by kings who 'depended on Brahmana priests to conduct the ritual'—implying named specialist priests conducted important rites.

How to extend

Use this pattern to focus on records of major royal sacrifices in medieval sources (inscriptions, brahmana texts) where specialist priestly titles are most likely to be listed or rewarded.

Exploring Society:India and Beyond ,Social Science-Class VII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 6: The Age of Reorganisation > THINK ABOUT IT > p. 126
Strength: 3/5
“What, according to you, could the tradition of using the mother's name at the beginning of a king's name signify? Another set of inscriptions found in the Naneghat caves near Pune (Fig. 6.9) focuses on a Sātavāhana widow queen who, remarkably, performed several Vedic rituals, including the aśhvamedha yajña. The inscriptions mention Vedic gods like Indra, Chandra, and Sūrya. We also get a glimpse of the queen's donations (dāna): land, cows, horses, elephants, silver coins, and other items to priests, guests, workers, scholars, and monks. These inscriptions are in the Brahmi script and include a few numerals (that is, symbols for numbers) which, at times, resemble today's shapes, as shown below.”
Why relevant

Mentions Naneghat inscriptions describing a queen performing Vedic rituals and recording donations to 'priests'—an example of inscriptions naming ritual acts and beneficiaries.

How to extend

Search similar inscription corpora (Naneghat, copper plates, temple grants) for named ritual specialists; if 'Mahattara' or 'Pattakila' appear, this would support the claim.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 3: Rise of Territorial Kingdoms and New Religious Sects > Monarchies or Kingdoms > p. 35
Strength: 3/5
“The mahajanapadas on the Gangetic plains were all monarchies. Vedic orthodoxy was an established practice in these kingdoms. The priestly class enjoyed a preeminent status in the mahajanapadas unlike in the gana-sanghas. The kingdoms were governed by kings and the administration was centralised. The brahman priests provided legitimacy to the king through various rituals. The kingship was hereditary and the succession was in most cases based on the law of primogeniture. The richer landowners were called grihapatis. These landowners employed labourers called dasas or karmakaras. The smaller landowners were known as kassakas or krishakas. The society was stratified on the basis of varna.”
Why relevant

Says brahman priests provided legitimacy to kings through rituals in mahajanapadas—indicating institutionalized priestly roles that might carry specific titles across regions.

How to extend

Compare regional administrative and ritual inscriptions from various mahajanapadas/kingdoms to see if local variants of priestly titles (e.g., terms in Prakrit, Sanskrit, or local languages) correspond to 'Mahattara'/'Pattakila'.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 11: Later Cholas and Pandyas > 11.2.4 Religion > p. 171
Strength: 3/5
“Srirangam and Chidambaram temples were covered with golden leaves. Sadaiyavarman Sundarapandyan was anointed in Srirangam temple, and to commemorate it, he donated an idol of Vishnu to the temple. The inner walls of this temple and three other gopurams were plated with gold. Pandyas extended patronage to Vedic Palvagasalai Mudukudumi practices. Peruvaluthi, who performed many Vedic rituals, is identified with Pandyas of the Sangam period. Velvikkudi copper plates as well as inscriptional sources mention the rituals like Ashvamedayaga, Hiranyagarbha and Vajapeya yagna, conducted by every great Pandya king. The impartiality of rulers towards both Saivism and Vaishnavism is also made known in the invocatory portions of the inscriptions.”
Why relevant

Records Pandya kings conducting named Vedic rites (ashvamedha, hiranyagarbha, vajapeya) in inscriptions—showing inscriptions routinely record ritual names and associated actors.

How to extend

Investigate Pandya and other South Indian inscriptions (Velvikkudi plates, copper plates) for lists of ritual specialists and titles; presence/absence of the two terms there would be informative.

Statement 4
In medieval India, were the designations "Mahattara" and "Pattakila" used for chiefs of craft guilds?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"Ans: (b) village headmen Explanation: In medieval India, the designations ‘Mahattara’ and ‘Pattakila’ were primarily used for (b) village headmen."
Why this source?
  • Explicitly gives the answer option and selects 'village headmen' rather than chiefs of craft guilds.
  • Provides an explanation tying the designations to village administration roles, contradicting the claim they were guild chiefs.
Web source
Presence: 5/5
"The designations "Mahattara" and "Pattakila" were indeed used for village headmen during medieval times in India."
Why this source?
  • States directly that the designations were used for village headmen in medieval India.
  • This directly refutes the statement that they were used for chiefs of craft guilds.
Web source
Presence: 5/5
"In medieval India, the designations 'Mahattara' and 'Pattakila' were used for **village headmen**."
Why this source?
  • Provides the same claim: that 'Mahattara' and 'Pattakila' were used for village headmen.
  • Multiple independent Q&A pages repeat this identification, supporting the refutation of the guild-chief claim.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 9: Cultural Development in South India > Trade > p. 125
Strength: 5/5
“The jurisdiction of this guild stretched over entire south-east Asia. The chief of this guild was registered in the inscriptions as pattanswamy, pattnakilar, and dandanayaka.”
Why relevant

Mentions that the chief of a guild was registered in inscriptions as pattanswamy, pattnakilar (orthographically close to 'Pattakila') and dandanayaka, giving a direct example of a title used for a guild chief.

How to extend

A student could compare the form 'pattnakilar' to regional variants like 'pattakila' on a map of inscriptions to see if they are the same title in different scripts/regions.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > Administrative Units below the District level > p. 94
Strength: 4/5
“The administrative units below the district level included clusters of settlements known variously as vithi, bhumi, pathaka and peta. There are references to officials known as ayuktakas and vithi-mahattaras. At the village level, villagers chose functionaries such as gramika and gramadhyaksha. The Damodarpur copper plate of the reign of Budhagupta mentions an ashtakula-adhikarana (a board of eight members) headed by the mahattara.”
Why relevant

'Mahattara' appears as the head of an ashtakula-adhikarana and in compound vithi-mahattaras, showing 'mahattara' is a leadership/official title in inscriptions.

How to extend

Extend by checking whether mahattara occurs in contexts naming guilds or craft bodies in other inscriptions or regions to test if it denoted guild chiefs as well as local officials.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Emergence of State and Empire > Crafts and Goods > p. 58
Strength: 4/5
“Sanchi Stupa A whole range of luxury goods was produced, including gold and silver articles, jewellery, perfumes and carved ivory. There is evidence that many other products like drugs and medicines, pottery, dyes and gums were produced in the Mauryan Empire. The economy had thus developed far beyond subsistence production to a very sophisticated level of commercial craft production. Crafts were predominantly urban-based hereditary occupations and sons usually followed their fathers in the practice of various crafts. Craftsmen worked primarily as individuals, though royal workshops for producing cloth and other products also existed. Each craft had a head called pamukha (pramukha or leader) and a jettha (jyeshtha or elder), and was organised in a seni (srenior a guild), so that the institutional identity superseded the individual in craft production.”
Why relevant

Says each craft had a head called pamukha (pramukha) or jettha and was organized in a sreni (guild), illustrating that crafts used specific titles for heads—so multiple regional/periodal titles are plausible.

How to extend

Use this pattern (different crafts use different local titles) to justify searching for 'mahattara'/'pattakila' as analogous regional titles for guild heads.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > Trade and Commerce > p. 97
Strength: 3/5
“The abundant inscriptions and seals mentioning artisans, merchants and guilds are indicative of the thriving crafts and trade. (Guild is a society or other organization of people with common interests or an association of merchants) The Narada and Brihaspati Smritis describe the organisation and activities of guilds. They mention that the guild had a chief and two, three or five executive officers. Guild laws were apparently laid down in written documents. The Brihaspati Smriti refers to guilds rendering justice to their members and suggests that these decisions should, by and large, be approved by the king. Usury (the lending of money at an exorbitant rate of interest) was in practice during the Gupta period.”
Why relevant

Narada and Brihaspati Smritis describe guilds having a chief and executive officers and written laws, indicating institutional roles existed that could bear distinct titles in inscriptions.

How to extend

Combine this institutional expectation with epigraphic forms (like pattnakilar and mahattara) to hypothesize these terms could name guild chiefs and then check inscriptions where guild structure is described.

Pattern takeaway: UPSC loves terms that have survived into modern surnames or place names. 'Pattakila' became 'Patil/Patel'. Look for ancient roots of modern social markers.
How you should have studied
  1. [THE VERDICT]: Standard but Specific. 'Mahattara' is directly in TN Board Class XI (Gupta Admin). 'Pattakila' is tougher but derivative. Fair game for serious history students.
  2. [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: Administrative Nomenclature. The evolution of village governance terms from Mauryas (Gramika) to Guptas (Mahattara) to Medieval (Pattakila/Muqaddam).
  3. [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize these specific functionaries: *Gramika* (Village Head), *Bhojaka* (Village Head-Deccan), *Gopa* (Accountant), *Sthanika* (District Officer), *Sresthi* (Merchant Guild Head), *Sarthavaha* (Caravan Leader), *Kulika* (Chief Artisan).
  4. [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Stop reading history as a story; read it as a dictionary. Create a 'Term-Meaning' table categorized into: Revenue, Military, Village, and Trade. UPSC picks 1-2 terms annually (e.g., Eripatti, Taniyurs, Ghatika).
Concept hooks from this question
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Medieval Indian military titles and ranks
💡 The insight

The references list many period-specific military titles (e.g., baladhikrita, mahabaladhikrita, mahapratiara, mahadandanayaka), which is directly relevant to verifying whether particular designations were used.

UPSC often asks about administrative and military nomenclature across periods; mastering which titles belong to which dynasty/period helps answer identification and comparison questions. Prepare by compiling lists of titles with associated eras and functions from epigraphic and textual sources, and practice matching titles to contexts.

📚 Reading List :
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > Army > p. 94
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > Ministers and other Officials > p. 93
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 8: Harsha and Rise of Regional Kingdoms > Administration of Army > p. 108
🔗 Anchor: "In medieval India, were the designations "Mahattara" and "Pattakila" used for mi..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Seals and inscriptions as primary evidence for official designations
💡 The insight

Several references explicitly say seals and inscriptions record official ranks (e.g., Vaishali seals, Bita seals), showing how historians identify titles.

Questions test candidates' understanding of source types and reliability; knowing that epigraphic evidence records titles helps in critically evaluating claims about usage of specific designations. Study epigraphy examples and note frequent titles and their documentary contexts.

📚 Reading List :
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > Army > p. 94
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > Ministers and other Officials > p. 93
🔗 Anchor: "In medieval India, were the designations "Mahattara" and "Pattakila" used for mi..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Regional/period variation in military administration
💡 The insight

References describe different military systems and officer titles across Harsha, Gupta-related seals, Nayak system, and Marathas, indicating titles vary by region and period.

Comparative questions (evolution of military administration, regional systems) are common. Mastering distinctive features (division names, recruitment, titles tied to court vs. district) enables cross-period analysis. Prepare with comparative tables and timeline-based consolidation of features.

📚 Reading List :
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 12: Bahmani and Vijayanagar Kingdoms > Nayak System > p. 183
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 8: Harsha and Rise of Regional Kingdoms > Administration of Army > p. 108
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 15: The Marathas > Army > p. 236
🔗 Anchor: "In medieval India, were the designations "Mahattara" and "Pattakila" used for mi..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Medieval village administrative titles
💡 The insight

The references list multiple local offices (mahattara, gramika, gramadhyaksha, gramani, kamunda, nala-kavunda), showing a variety of village-level designations.

High-yield for UPSC history: knowing regional/local administrative vocabulary helps answer questions on rural governance and source interpretation. Connects to topics on panchayats, revenue administration and regional variations. Prepare by compiling attested titles, their functions and regional usage from primary/source excerpts.

📚 Reading List :
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > Administrative Units below the District level > p. 94
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 9: Cultural Development in South India > Village Administration > p. 120
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Emergence of State and Empire > District and Village Administration > p. 55
🔗 Anchor: "In medieval India, were the designations "Mahattara" and "Pattakila" used for vi..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Epigraphic evidence for local offices (copper-plate inscriptions)
💡 The insight

The Damodarpur copper plate is cited as attesting the office of 'mahattara' and an ashtakula-adhikarana headed by one.

Understanding how inscriptions (e.g., copper plates) record administrative offices is crucial for source-based questions in UPSC. It trains candidates to weigh primary evidence when identifying medieval institutions. Focus on practicing interpretation of short epigraphic excerpts and noting the office-title → function link.

📚 Reading List :
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > Administrative Units below the District level > p. 94
🔗 Anchor: "In medieval India, were the designations "Mahattara" and "Pattakila" used for vi..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Village institutions and collective bodies (panchayat, mahajanam, ashtakula-adhikarana)
💡 The insight

References refer to councils/boards and collective bodies (village councils, mahajanam, ashtakula-adhikarana) which chose or worked with headmen and accountants.

Vital for questions on rural governance and social organization—shows interplay between individual office-holders and collective institutions. Helps answer comparative questions (regional variations, functions, source types). Study by mapping functions to institutions and cross-referencing region-specific terminology.

📚 Reading List :
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > Administrative Units below the District level > p. 94
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 9: Cultural Development in South India > Village Administration > p. 120
  • THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 8: Peasants, Zamindars and the State > 2.2 Panchayats and headmen > p. 202
🔗 Anchor: "In medieval India, were the designations "Mahattara" and "Pattakila" used for vi..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S3
👉 Purohita / Brahmana role in rituals and royal legitimacy
💡 The insight

The references emphasise the importance of purohitas/Brahmanas as ritual specialists who legitimised kings and performed Vedic sacrifices — directly related to the question of ritual-designation and specialist roles.

High-yield for UPSC Ancient Indian History: explains the social and political role of priestly classes, links to varna, kingship and inscriptions. Mastering this helps answer questions on ritual authority, patronage, and administrative-religious relationships. Prepare by studying NCERT passages and primary inscriptional examples.

📚 Reading List :
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 2: Early India: The Chalcolithic, Megalithic, Iron Age and Vedic Cultures > Social Organization > p. 28
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 3: Rise of Territorial Kingdoms and New Religious Sects > Monarchies or Kingdoms > p. 35
  • THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART I, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings > 2.1 The sacrificial tradition > p. 84
🔗 Anchor: "In medieval India, were the designations "Mahattara" and "Pattakila" used for sp..."
🌑 The Hidden Trap

The Damodarpur Copper Plate mentions the 'Ashtakula-adhikarana' (Board of 8 elders) headed by the Mahattara. A future question will likely ask about 'Ashtakula-adhikarana' or 'Vishayapati' (District Head) found in the same inscription.

⚡ Elimination Cheat Code

Etymological Root Hacking: 'Mahattara' comes from 'Mahat' (Great/Elder). 'Pattakila' comes from 'Patta' (Land deed/Lease). Who is the 'Elder' who holds the 'Land Record'? Not a Military officer (usually 'Bala-'), not a Ritualist (usually 'Purohita'), and not a Guild chief (usually 'Sresthi'). The Village Headman is the only role combining land authority and elder status.

🔗 Mains Connection

Mains GS-2 (Polity - Local Governance): Use 'Mahattara' and 'Ashtakula-adhikarana' to substantiate answers on the 'Roots of Local Self-Government' or 'Democratic traditions in Ancient India,' showing that consultative village boards predate the modern Panchayat.

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SIMILAR QUESTIONS

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