Question map
In medieval India, the designations 'Mahattara' and 'Pattakila' were used for
Explanation
In medieval India, the designations 'Mahattara' and 'Pattakila' were primarily used for village[3] headmen.[2] They were local administrative officials[4] who played an important role in village-level administration. There are references to officials known as ayuktakas and vithi-mahattaras[5] in administrative records from the Gupta period. The Damodarpur copper plate of the reign of Budhagupta mentions an ashtakula-adhikarana (a board of eight members) headed by the mahattara.[5] This indicates that the Mahattara held a position of authority at the local level, functioning as the head of village administrative bodies. These designations were thus part of the administrative nomenclature for local governance rather than being associated with military, religious, or guild-related functions.
Sources- [2] https://abhipedia.abhimanu.com/Article/IAS/MjA1MzQ1/In-medieval-India-the-designations-lsquo-Mahattara-rsquo-and-lsquo-Pattakila-rsquo-were-used-for-nbs-Modern-Indian-History-
- [4] https://abhipedia.abhimanu.com/Article/IAS/MjA1MzQ1/In-medieval-India-the-designations-lsquo-Mahattara-rsquo-and-lsquo-Pattakila-rsquo-were-used-for-nbs-Modern-Indian-History-
- [5] History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > Administrative Units below the District level > p. 94
PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
Full viewThis is a classic 'Glossary Question' targeting administrative terminology. 'Mahattara' is a standard term in Gupta administration (Damodarpur copper plates) for village elders, while 'Pattakila' (root for Patil/Patel) refers to the headman. If you skipped the 'Administration' sub-headings in standard texts like TN Board or RS Sharma, you likely missed this.
This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.
- Statement 1: In medieval India, were the designations "Mahattara" and "Pattakila" used for military officers?
- Statement 2: In medieval India, were the designations "Mahattara" and "Pattakila" used for village headmen?
- Statement 3: In medieval India, were the designations "Mahattara" and "Pattakila" used for specialists in Vedic rituals?
- Statement 4: In medieval India, were the designations "Mahattara" and "Pattakila" used for chiefs of craft guilds?
- Explicitly answers the quiz item and gives the correct option as village headmen, not military officers.
- Provides an explanation that the terms referred to local administrators/village headmen.
- Direct statement that the designations were used for village headmen during medieval times.
- Frames the terms as local administrative officials, which contradicts the assertion they were military titles.
- Provides the same answer: these designations were used for village headmen.
- Reinforces the consensus across multiple sources that the terms do not denote military officers.
Seals and inscriptions list many non-standard military and court designations (e.g., baladhikrita, mahabaladhikrita, mahapratihara), showing that regionally specific titles were commonly used.
A student could search regional seals/inscriptions for the specific words Mahattara or Pattakila (or linguistic variants) because such sources often preserve local titles.
The snippet emphasises that official ranks named in seals have uncertain meanings and could be hereditary or linked to offices (e.g., kumaramatya), illustrating that titles did not always map clearly onto modern categories like 'military officer.'
A student could examine occurrences of Mahattara/Pattakila in lists of amatyas/officials to see if they co-occur with known military offices.
Specific military officer titles are attested (e.g., Brihadisvaras for cavalry, Baladhikritas for infantry), showing that medieval sources often use specialized terms for different military roles.
A student could check whether Mahattara or Pattakila appear in contexts describing army divisions (elephants, cavalry, infantry) to infer a military function.
The term 'Nayak' is cited as a regional military leader title (Telugu/Kannada areas), indicating that titles for military commanders varied by region and language.
Using regional scope as a guide, a student might look for Mahattara/Pattakila in inscriptions or records from particular linguistic areas (e.g., Tamil, Kannada, Telugu) where unique military titles appear.
The Maratha military system modelled on earlier systems and used specific ranks and recruitment modes, showing continuity and adaptation of military nomenclature across periods.
A student could trace whether Mahattara/Pattakila show up in later or regional military records (e.g., Deccan, Maratha sources) as adapted or surviving titles.
- Directly answers the question with the choice: 'Ans: (b) village headmen'.
- Provides an explicit explanation stating the terms referred to village headmen/local administrators.
- Explicitly states the designations were used for village headmen during medieval times.
- Adds that they were local administrative officials, reinforcing the village headman role.
- Answers the multiple-choice question by stating the terms were used for village headmen.
- Explains the village headman's role, linking the designation to community leadership and duties.
Explicit reference to 'vithi-mahattaras' and a mahattara heading an ashtakula-adhikarana shows 'mahattara' functioned as an official title in village-level administration.
A student could check geographic and chronological context of the Damodarpur copper plate (reign of Budhagupta) and compare with other inscriptions to see where 'mahattara' appears as a local headman title.
Lists many local village-level office titles (kamunda, pokigan, karana/gramani, mahajanam, mahapurush), indicating a pattern of diverse regional terms for village officials.
Use this pattern to infer that less-common terms like 'Pattakila' might be regional variants; a student could search regional sources or maps (south/north, language zones) for cognates.
Mentions gramani and a council of village elders and names of officials in multi-tier administration, illustrating that villages used both appointed and elected functionaries with varied titles.
Combine this administrative pattern with linguistic knowledge (e.g., Sanskritic vs. Dravidian forms) to test whether 'Pattakila' could be a local variant of a known office.
Describes the functions of 'headmen' (account supervision, confidence of elders), giving criteria to judge whether a named title served as a headman rather than a different role.
Compare the functions attributed to known headmen here with duties associated with 'mahattara' (from snippet 1) or any occurrences of 'Pattakila' in primary sources to see if roles match.
Gives examples of other local headman designations (jotedars, mandals) showing terminological variety and social roles tied to 'village headmen'.
Use this example of terminological diversity to justify searching district- or caste-specific records for 'Pattakila' as a local headman term.
- Explicitly gives the answer choice: (b) village headmen rather than specialists in Vedic rituals.
- Provides an explanation stating the terms were commonly used to refer to village headmen/local administrators.
- Direct statement that the designations were used for village headmen during medieval times.
- Frames the terms as local administrative officials, not as Vedic ritual specialists.
- States the designations were used for village headmen, repeating the same answer.
- Reinforces that the correct identification is village headmen, contradicting the claim about Vedic specialists.
States the growing importance of the purohita (priest) and the power of Brahmanas in later Vedic society—showing that specialized ritual roles and titles existed and were socially significant.
A student could check medieval epigraphic and literary records for specific priestly titles (beyond 'purohita')—e.g., look for occurrences of 'Mahattara' or 'Pattakila' in inscriptions or lists of ritual specialists.
Notes that elaborate sacrifices (like ashvamedha) were performed by kings who 'depended on Brahmana priests to conduct the ritual'—implying named specialist priests conducted important rites.
Use this pattern to focus on records of major royal sacrifices in medieval sources (inscriptions, brahmana texts) where specialist priestly titles are most likely to be listed or rewarded.
Mentions Naneghat inscriptions describing a queen performing Vedic rituals and recording donations to 'priests'—an example of inscriptions naming ritual acts and beneficiaries.
Search similar inscription corpora (Naneghat, copper plates, temple grants) for named ritual specialists; if 'Mahattara' or 'Pattakila' appear, this would support the claim.
Says brahman priests provided legitimacy to kings through rituals in mahajanapadas—indicating institutionalized priestly roles that might carry specific titles across regions.
Compare regional administrative and ritual inscriptions from various mahajanapadas/kingdoms to see if local variants of priestly titles (e.g., terms in Prakrit, Sanskrit, or local languages) correspond to 'Mahattara'/'Pattakila'.
Records Pandya kings conducting named Vedic rites (ashvamedha, hiranyagarbha, vajapeya) in inscriptions—showing inscriptions routinely record ritual names and associated actors.
Investigate Pandya and other South Indian inscriptions (Velvikkudi plates, copper plates) for lists of ritual specialists and titles; presence/absence of the two terms there would be informative.
- Explicitly gives the answer option and selects 'village headmen' rather than chiefs of craft guilds.
- Provides an explanation tying the designations to village administration roles, contradicting the claim they were guild chiefs.
- States directly that the designations were used for village headmen in medieval India.
- This directly refutes the statement that they were used for chiefs of craft guilds.
- Provides the same claim: that 'Mahattara' and 'Pattakila' were used for village headmen.
- Multiple independent Q&A pages repeat this identification, supporting the refutation of the guild-chief claim.
Mentions that the chief of a guild was registered in inscriptions as pattanswamy, pattnakilar (orthographically close to 'Pattakila') and dandanayaka, giving a direct example of a title used for a guild chief.
A student could compare the form 'pattnakilar' to regional variants like 'pattakila' on a map of inscriptions to see if they are the same title in different scripts/regions.
'Mahattara' appears as the head of an ashtakula-adhikarana and in compound vithi-mahattaras, showing 'mahattara' is a leadership/official title in inscriptions.
Extend by checking whether mahattara occurs in contexts naming guilds or craft bodies in other inscriptions or regions to test if it denoted guild chiefs as well as local officials.
Says each craft had a head called pamukha (pramukha) or jettha and was organized in a sreni (guild), illustrating that crafts used specific titles for heads—so multiple regional/periodal titles are plausible.
Use this pattern (different crafts use different local titles) to justify searching for 'mahattara'/'pattakila' as analogous regional titles for guild heads.
Narada and Brihaspati Smritis describe guilds having a chief and executive officers and written laws, indicating institutional roles existed that could bear distinct titles in inscriptions.
Combine this institutional expectation with epigraphic forms (like pattnakilar and mahattara) to hypothesize these terms could name guild chiefs and then check inscriptions where guild structure is described.
- [THE VERDICT]: Standard but Specific. 'Mahattara' is directly in TN Board Class XI (Gupta Admin). 'Pattakila' is tougher but derivative. Fair game for serious history students.
- [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: Administrative Nomenclature. The evolution of village governance terms from Mauryas (Gramika) to Guptas (Mahattara) to Medieval (Pattakila/Muqaddam).
- [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize these specific functionaries: *Gramika* (Village Head), *Bhojaka* (Village Head-Deccan), *Gopa* (Accountant), *Sthanika* (District Officer), *Sresthi* (Merchant Guild Head), *Sarthavaha* (Caravan Leader), *Kulika* (Chief Artisan).
- [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Stop reading history as a story; read it as a dictionary. Create a 'Term-Meaning' table categorized into: Revenue, Military, Village, and Trade. UPSC picks 1-2 terms annually (e.g., Eripatti, Taniyurs, Ghatika).
The references list many period-specific military titles (e.g., baladhikrita, mahabaladhikrita, mahapratiara, mahadandanayaka), which is directly relevant to verifying whether particular designations were used.
UPSC often asks about administrative and military nomenclature across periods; mastering which titles belong to which dynasty/period helps answer identification and comparison questions. Prepare by compiling lists of titles with associated eras and functions from epigraphic and textual sources, and practice matching titles to contexts.
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > Army > p. 94
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > Ministers and other Officials > p. 93
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 8: Harsha and Rise of Regional Kingdoms > Administration of Army > p. 108
Several references explicitly say seals and inscriptions record official ranks (e.g., Vaishali seals, Bita seals), showing how historians identify titles.
Questions test candidates' understanding of source types and reliability; knowing that epigraphic evidence records titles helps in critically evaluating claims about usage of specific designations. Study epigraphy examples and note frequent titles and their documentary contexts.
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > Army > p. 94
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > Ministers and other Officials > p. 93
References describe different military systems and officer titles across Harsha, Gupta-related seals, Nayak system, and Marathas, indicating titles vary by region and period.
Comparative questions (evolution of military administration, regional systems) are common. Mastering distinctive features (division names, recruitment, titles tied to court vs. district) enables cross-period analysis. Prepare with comparative tables and timeline-based consolidation of features.
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 12: Bahmani and Vijayanagar Kingdoms > Nayak System > p. 183
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 8: Harsha and Rise of Regional Kingdoms > Administration of Army > p. 108
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 15: The Marathas > Army > p. 236
The references list multiple local offices (mahattara, gramika, gramadhyaksha, gramani, kamunda, nala-kavunda), showing a variety of village-level designations.
High-yield for UPSC history: knowing regional/local administrative vocabulary helps answer questions on rural governance and source interpretation. Connects to topics on panchayats, revenue administration and regional variations. Prepare by compiling attested titles, their functions and regional usage from primary/source excerpts.
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > Administrative Units below the District level > p. 94
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 9: Cultural Development in South India > Village Administration > p. 120
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Emergence of State and Empire > District and Village Administration > p. 55
The Damodarpur copper plate is cited as attesting the office of 'mahattara' and an ashtakula-adhikarana headed by one.
Understanding how inscriptions (e.g., copper plates) record administrative offices is crucial for source-based questions in UPSC. It trains candidates to weigh primary evidence when identifying medieval institutions. Focus on practicing interpretation of short epigraphic excerpts and noting the office-title → function link.
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > Administrative Units below the District level > p. 94
References refer to councils/boards and collective bodies (village councils, mahajanam, ashtakula-adhikarana) which chose or worked with headmen and accountants.
Vital for questions on rural governance and social organization—shows interplay between individual office-holders and collective institutions. Helps answer comparative questions (regional variations, functions, source types). Study by mapping functions to institutions and cross-referencing region-specific terminology.
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > Administrative Units below the District level > p. 94
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 9: Cultural Development in South India > Village Administration > p. 120
- THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 8: Peasants, Zamindars and the State > 2.2 Panchayats and headmen > p. 202
The references emphasise the importance of purohitas/Brahmanas as ritual specialists who legitimised kings and performed Vedic sacrifices — directly related to the question of ritual-designation and specialist roles.
High-yield for UPSC Ancient Indian History: explains the social and political role of priestly classes, links to varna, kingship and inscriptions. Mastering this helps answer questions on ritual authority, patronage, and administrative-religious relationships. Prepare by studying NCERT passages and primary inscriptional examples.
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 2: Early India: The Chalcolithic, Megalithic, Iron Age and Vedic Cultures > Social Organization > p. 28
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 3: Rise of Territorial Kingdoms and New Religious Sects > Monarchies or Kingdoms > p. 35
- THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART I, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings > 2.1 The sacrificial tradition > p. 84
The Damodarpur Copper Plate mentions the 'Ashtakula-adhikarana' (Board of 8 elders) headed by the Mahattara. A future question will likely ask about 'Ashtakula-adhikarana' or 'Vishayapati' (District Head) found in the same inscription.
Etymological Root Hacking: 'Mahattara' comes from 'Mahat' (Great/Elder). 'Pattakila' comes from 'Patta' (Land deed/Lease). Who is the 'Elder' who holds the 'Land Record'? Not a Military officer (usually 'Bala-'), not a Ritualist (usually 'Purohita'), and not a Guild chief (usually 'Sresthi'). The Village Headman is the only role combining land authority and elder status.
Mains GS-2 (Polity - Local Governance): Use 'Mahattara' and 'Ashtakula-adhikarana' to substantiate answers on the 'Roots of Local Self-Government' or 'Democratic traditions in Ancient India,' showing that consultative village boards predate the modern Panchayat.