With reference to technologies for solar power production, consider the following statements : 1. 'Photovoltaics' is a technology that generates electricity by direct conversion of light into electricity, while 'Solar Thermal' is a technology that utilizes the Sun's rays to generate heat which is further used in electricity generation process. 2. Photovoltaics generates Alternating Current (AC), while Solar Thermal generates Direct Current (DC). 3. India has manufacturing base for Solar Thermal technology, but not for Photovoltaics. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Describes concentrated solar power (solar thermal) heating a fluid to produce hot steam that is used to rotate a turbine and 'generate electricity' — indicating a heat-driven, turbine-based generation process.

A student can combine this with the basic fact that large turbines coupled to electrical generators typically produce AC to infer solar thermal plants likely produce AC at generation.

Explains OTEC uses a heat engine (operating on ocean temperature differences) to operate a heat engine which 'produces electric power' — another example of heat-driven generation.

Knowing heat engines normally drive rotating generators that produce AC lets a student generalise this pattern to solar-thermal-derived heat sources as well.

Defines 'thermal electricity' as produced using coal, petroleum and natural gas — i.e., conventional thermal power stations.

A student aware that conventional thermal power stations use steam turbines coupled to AC generators can extend that model to other thermal sources (including solar thermal).

Describes photovoltaic (PV) solar energy as converting sunlight 'directly into electricity' using semiconductor technology — establishing a contrast between direct-conversion PV and heat-based thermal methods.

A student can contrast 'direct semiconductor conversion' (commonly producing DC) with 'heat → turbine → generator' routes to deduce different expected output types for PV versus solar thermal.

States solar PV converts solar radiation into electricity 'without involving any moving part like turbine', reinforcing that PV and thermal systems are mechanically different.

Noting PV's lack of rotating machinery (and typical association with DC output) helps a student infer that systems with turbines (solar thermal) likely feed rotating AC generators instead.

Specifies India's domestic manufacturing capacity (3 GW cells vs 20 GW demand) and that shortfall is met by imports — establishes a pattern where solar manufacturing (here PV) is concentrated and import-dependent.

A student could compare this explicit PV manufacturing/import pattern to the absence of similar manufacturing figures for solar thermal to infer whether solar thermal has a comparable domestic industry or is less developed.

Describes a domestic content policy (National Solar Mission) aimed at growing domestic manufacturing and notes WTO disputes — shows government efforts targeted at building local solar manufacturing capacity.

One can test whether such policy emphasis focused primarily on PV components (cells/modules) or also on solar thermal components by checking which technologies were specified in the policy and subsequent industry development.

States that India can harness both solar photovoltaic and solar thermal routes and that both are scalable — establishes solar thermal as an acknowledged technology route in India.

Knowing solar thermal is a recognized route, a student could look for parallel industrial/manufacturing mentions (factories, capacities, exports) as evidence of a domestic manufacturing base; absence would be suggestive.

Notes common uses of solar thermal (heaters, cookers, dryers) and relative simplicity/advantages — implies many solar thermal components are for appliances, potentially amenable to local manufacturing.

Using the fact that thermal systems often serve local appliance markets, a student could check whether domestic small-scale producers or MSMEs supply these components, which would indicate a domestic base even if large-scale industry is lacking.

National Solar Mission aims include production of raw material components and product — demonstrates an official objective to build domestic production capacity across solar technologies.

A student could investigate whether this production goal translated into concrete capacity for solar thermal components specifically (versus PV), using the Mission's implementation records or industry data.