The problem of international liquidity is related to the non-availability of

States that a fixed exchange rate system "gives rise to the problem of international liquidity," linking the problem to exchange-rate and monetary arrangements rather than physical goods.

A student could infer that international liquidity likely concerns availability of international means of payment (reserves/currencies) and check whether scarcity of goods/services fits that monetary definition.

Defines an international currency as one "freely available to non-residents, essentially to settle cross-border transactions," tying international transactions (liquidity) to currency availability.

One could use this to argue international liquidity refers to availability of currencies for payments rather than the physical availability of goods/services.

Explains that when transactions (production of goods and services) increase, more money (gold coins) is required — linking transaction volume to money supply constraints.

Extend to international context: rising trade may increase demand for international means of payment (reserves), suggesting liquidity is about payment capacity, not absent goods/services.

Contains an exam question listing possible causes of international liquidity problems, which explicitly includes 'Goods and services' as one option among others like 'Dollars and other hard currencies.'

A student could use this to note there is some conceptual confusion in sources and then compare which option is supported by monetary definitions (e.g., currencies) versus trade (goods/services).

States international trade leads to 'worldwide availability of goods and services' as an outcome, emphasising that trade normally supplies goods/services across borders.

Use this to reason that shortages of goods/services are typically trade issues; so to test the statement, compare whether international liquidity shortages co‑occur with trade supply disruptions or with payment/reserve shortages.