Question map
When the Reserve Bank of India reduces the Statutory Liquidity Ratio by 50 basis points, which of the following is likely to happen?
Explanation
The Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) requires every bank to maintain in India assets (typically in unencumbered government securities, cash and gold) at a certain percentage of their demand and time liabilities[1]. When the RBI reduces the SLR by 50 basis points, banks are required to hold less in government securities and have more funds available for lending. The reduction of SLR reduces the pre-emption of banks' investible resources[2], thereby increasing liquidity available with banks for credit. This additional liquidity typically enables scheduled commercial banks to lower their lending rates to remain competitive and stimulate borrowing. Option A is incorrect because a 50 basis point SLR cut alone would not cause drastic GDP growth. Option B is not directly linked to SLR changes, as FII flows are more influenced by other factors. Option D is the opposite of what happens β reducing SLR increases, not reduces, liquidity in the banking system.
Sources- [1] https://www.pib.gov.in/PressNoteDetails.aspx?NoteId=154573&ModuleId=3
- [2] https://www.mcrhrdi.gov.in/FC2020/week10/IMF%20Working%20Paper%20wp1707.pdf
PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
Full viewThis is a classic 'Transmission Mechanism' question. It tests if you understand the *consequence* of a policy action, not just the definition. It is a conceptual sitter found in every standard Macroeconomics NCERT or reference book; no current affairs digging required.
This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.
- Statement 1: When the Reserve Bank of India reduces the Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) by 50 basis points, does India's GDP growth rate increase drastically?
- Statement 2: When the Reserve Bank of India reduces the Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) by 50 basis points, are Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs) likely to increase capital inflows into India?
- Statement 3: When the Reserve Bank of India reduces the Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) by 50 basis points, do Scheduled Commercial Banks typically cut their lending rates?
- Statement 4: When the Reserve Bank of India reduces the Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) by 50 basis points, does this action drastically reduce liquidity in the banking system?
- Documents on monetary transmission show that a 50 bps policy change translated strongly to fresh loan rates but very weakly to outstanding loans (only 6 bps), indicating muted transmission to overall lending.
- Muted transmission of policy-driven rate changes implies that reserve requirement adjustments (like a 50 bps SLR cut) are unlikely to produce a drastic immediate jump in GDP via a large surge in credit.
- Defines SLR as the proportion of assets banks must hold in specified (liquid/Indian) assets, clarifying the channel: lowering SLR releases resources for lending.
- Shows the mechanism by which an SLR cut could increase lendable funds, but the passage does not claim this will lead to a drastic rise in GDP β it only establishes the link to bank liquidity.
Gives a direct rule-like statement: RBI decreases SLR to increase economic growth (and increases SLR to reduce inflation).
A student could combine this rule with basic macro logic (lower reserve ratios free up bank funds for lending) to infer reduced SLR is growthβsupportive but not automatically 'drastic'.
Defines SLR as a reserve requirement that limits the amount of deposits available for banks to lend (thus constraining credit creation).
Using the definition plus a world map or national GDP data, a student can reason that lowering SLR increases credit supply, which may raise investment and GDP β magnitude depends on bank balance sheets and credit demand.
Presents the multiple-choice question that lists plausible outcomes of a 50 bps SLR cut, showing that increasing GDP drastically was offered as an option among others (e.g., banks cutting lending rates, FIIs bringing capital).
A student could use this to note that textbooks treat several effects as likely and so would seek empirical evidence (credit growth, lending rates, FII flows) rather than assume a drastic GDP jump.
Lists cutting/optimising SLR as one instrument of expansionary monetary policy, implying SLR cuts are part of a toolkit to stimulate the economy.
Combine this with knowledge of other tools (repo rate, CRR) to judge that a 50 bps SLR cut alone is one of several channels β so impact on GDP depends on the overall policy mix and economic context.
Explains overlap between SLR assets and liquidity requirements (LCR/HQLA), indicating SLR changes affect banks' liquidity management and their usable highβquality assets.
A student could infer that a modest SLR cut changes banks' balance of liquid assets and loanable funds only to the extent those assets are binding constraints, so GDP effect depends on whether liquidity was previously tight.
Contains the examination-style question that lists 'FIIs may bring more capital into our country' as a likely consequence of an SLR cut β showing this is a standard hypothesised link.
A student could treat this as the textbook hypothesis and check macro conditions (interest differentials, liquidity) and recent FII flows to see if the hypothesised response occurs.
Same multipleβchoice phrasing as [1], again presenting increased FII inflows as a commonly taught possible effect of an SLR reduction.
Use this repeated pedagogical example as a cue to compare past episodes when RBI cut SLR and examine subsequent FII data and market yields.
Defines SLR as the share of deposits banks must hold in liquid assets, implying that reducing SLR frees resources otherwise held in lowβyield liquid assets.
Extend by reasoning that freed funds can lead to more bank lending, lower domestic yields, or greater market liquidity β factors that can attract FIIs depending on returns.
Explains that reserve requirements (SLR/CRR) limit banks' ability to create credit, so lowering SLR increases credit supply and liquidity.
A student could infer increased credit/liquidity may reduce domestic interest rates or boost economic activity, which could influence FII decisions when compared with global returns.
Notes that more foreign investment in government securities lowers yields and increases liquidity; links foreign purchases to domestic yields and liquidity conditions.
Combine this with SLRβliquidity effects to assess whether SLR cuts that lower yields or improve market liquidity would plausibly encourage FIIs to bring capital into bonds/equities.
- States that RBI shifted lending-rate regime to external benchmarking, meaning lending rates are linked to external benchmarks rather than SLR.
- Mandates scheduled commercial banks to link new floating-rate loans to external benchmarks (e.g., RBI policy repo rate or T-bill yields), implying SLR changes are not the direct driver of lending-rate setting.
- Defines SLR as a requirement to maintain specified assets (typically government securities, cash and gold).
- Indicates what SLR controls (asset holdings), but does not state that reductions in SLR automatically cause banks to cut lending rates.
Defines SLR as a reserve requirement that limits the amount of deposits banks can use to give loans (SLR acts as a limit to credit creation).
A student could infer that lowering SLR frees up funds for lending, which could increase credit supply and create room for lower lending rates.
States that cutting SLR is an action associated with an expansionary monetary policy.
Knowing expansionary policy typically aims to increase money supply/credit, a student might expect banks to face incentives to lower rates when SLR is cut.
Explains transmission mechanism that banks link lending rates to marginal cost of funds and that policy rate cuts (repo) can lead banks to reduce lending rates via deposit-rate changes.
A student could analogize this transmission mechanism to SLR cuts: if SLR reduction lowers banks' funding constraints, similar cost-based transmission could lead banks to cut lending rates.
Describes SLR as reserves banks must maintain in safe and liquid assets (government securities, gold, cash) with respect to NDTL.
A student could reason that lowering required SLR holdings lets banks reallocate assets from low-yield SLR securities into lending, potentially reducing lending spreads or rates.
Contains an answer key where the question about a 50 bps SLR reduction corresponds to option (c) β 'Scheduled Commercial Banks may cut their lending rates' β indicating an expected/standard exam inference.
A student could treat this as an authoritative pedagogical cue that standard reasoning links SLR cuts to possible lending-rate reductions, and then check real-world transmission details.
- Explicitly links reduction of SLR (and CRR) to reducing pre-emption of banks' investible resources.
- That wording indicates a cut in SLR frees up resources (increasing lendable funds), contrary to the claim that it reduces liquidity.
- Defines SLR as a requirement to hold specific assets (government securities, cash, gold).
- If banks are required to hold fewer such assets, those assets become available for lending, implying increased rather than reduced liquidity.
Defines SLR as the fraction of deposits kept in liquid form and states that the reserve requirement limits the amount of credit banks can create.
A student can infer that lowering SLR frees up a portion of deposits for lending, which would increase (not drastically reduce) bank liquidity; combine with deposit volumes to estimate magnitude of change from 50 bps.
Explains SLR is maintained in specified liquid assets (government securities, gold, cash) and treated as part of reserves.
One can reason that lowering the required share of these liquid assets lets banks hold fewer such assets and deploy more funds for loans or investments, thereby increasing system liquidity; estimate impact using banks' NDTL.
States RBI decreases SLR to increase economic growth and increases SLR to reduce inflation, establishing the directional policy intent.
Use this policy rule to infer that an SLR cut is intended to add liquidity/support lending, so a 50 bps cut is unlikely to be meant to 'drastically reduce' liquidity.
Presents the multiple-choice framing where one option is that reducing SLR may 'drastically reduce liquidity', implying the contrast with other likely outcomes (e.g., banks cut lending rates).
A student can treat this as an exam-style intuition check: compare plausibility of alternatives (more lending, lower rates) versus the offered 'drastic reduction' claim and use basic banking mechanics to adjudicate.
Notes that SLR-eligible assets overlap with high-quality liquid assets (HQLAs) used for liquidity coverage, linking SLR holdings to broader liquidity regulation.
A student could combine this with knowledge of banks' LCR needs to assess whether a small SLR cut (50 bps) materially changes usable liquid buffers and thus whether system liquidity would be drastically affected.
- [THE VERDICT]: Sitter. Standard NCERT Macroeconomics logic (Money & Banking chapter).
- [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: Monetary Policy Tools (Quantitative) β SLR β Impact on Credit Creation and Interest Rates.
- [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Map the siblings: CRR impact, Repo vs. Bank Rate, Open Market Operations (OMO), MSF vs. LAF corridor, and the new Standing Deposit Facility (SDF). Understand the difference between 'Policy Rates' (Repo) and 'Reserve Ratios' (CRR/SLR).
- [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Don't just memorize 'SLR = Liquid Assets'. Ask 'So what?'. Logic chain: SLR down β Banks have more free cash β Supply of loanable funds increases β Price of funds (Interest Rate) drops. Think in flowcharts.
The statement revolves around SLR; several references define SLR and what counts as SLR assets (government securities, gold, cash).
SLR is a basic banking regulation concept frequently tested in prelims and mains. Understanding its legal basis, what assets qualify, and how it constrains banks' usable deposits helps answer questions on credit availability and regulation. Prepare by memorising the definition, typical SLR-eligible assets and historical trends, and practising application-based questions.
- Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 2: Money and Banking- Part I > The following are the major instruments/tools that RBI uses for conducting its monetary policy: > p. 63
- Macroeconomics (NCERT class XII 2025 ed.) > Chapter 3: Money and Banking > Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) = Percentage of deposits which a bank must keep as cash reserves with the bank. > p. 40
- Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 7: Money and Banking > INCREMENTAL CASH RESERVE RATIO > p. 168
References link lowering SLR to increasing economic growth by freeing resources for lending; SLR acts as a limit on credit creation.
This causal chain (SLR β bank lending capacity β aggregate demand/GDP) is high-yield for policy-effect questions. Mastering it enables you to evaluate policy moves (expansionary vs contractionary) and their likely transmission to growth and inflation. Practice by mapping stepwise effects and using numerical examples of deposit-to-loan implications.
- Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 7: Money and Banking > INCREMENTAL CASH RESERVE RATIO > p. 169
- Macroeconomics (NCERT class XII 2025 ed.) > Chapter 3: Money and Banking > Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) = Percentage of deposits which a bank must keep as cash reserves with the bank. > p. 40
SLR is one of the RBI's tools; references state that reducing SLR is used to boost growth, and other examples of expansionary measures are listed.
UPSC often asks which tools the RBI uses and their intended effects. Knowing comparative roles of SLR, CRR, repo rate, bank rate helps answer multi-option and analytical questions. Study by comparing instruments, typical policy responses to recession vs inflation, and past RBI actions.
- Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 7: Money and Banking > INCREMENTAL CASH RESERVE RATIO > p. 169
- Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 7: Indian Economy after 2014 > Steps taken by RBI under Aatma Nirbhar Bharat > p. 248
SLR determines the fraction of deposits banks must hold in liquid assets; changing it alters banking system liquidity and credit-creation capacity, which is central to the statement's mechanism.
High-yield for monetary policy questions: understanding SLR explains how regulatory changes affect bank lending, market liquidity and macro interest rates. Links to CRR, LCR and credit multiplier topics; useful for cause-effect MCQs and analytical mains answers. Master by memorizing definition, tracing the chain SLR β bank balances in govt securities β lendable funds β credit and liquidity.
- Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 2: Money and Banking- Part I > The following are the major instruments/tools that RBI uses for conducting its monetary policy: > p. 63
- Macroeconomics (NCERT class XII 2025 ed.) > Chapter 3: Money and Banking > Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) = Percentage of deposits which a bank must keep as cash reserves with the bank. > p. 40
FIIs are the actors whose behaviour (capital inflows) the statement asks about; knowing their registration, route of investment and shortβterm/'hot money' nature frames plausibility of inflow responses.
Important for external sector and capital flow questions: explains who FIIs are, regulatory constraints and typical behaviour under changing domestic conditions. Connects to balance of payments, capital account volatility and policy responses. Prepare by learning definitions, regulatory routes (SEBI/PIS) and typical motivations of FIIs.
- Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 16: Balance of Payments > a. Foreign Institutional Investment (FII) > p. 478
- Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 16: Balance of Payments > a. Foreign Institutional Investment (FII) > p. 477
Evidence shows foreign investment in government bonds increases liquidity and lowers yieldsβthis links foreign flows, domestic bond yields and market liquidity, relevant when inferring FII responsiveness.
Useful for questions on interaction between capital flows and domestic interest rates: shows how FII demand for bonds affects yields and government borrowing costs. Helps analyze policy impacts (e.g., on bond yields, liquidity). Study by mapping investor actions to bond yields and fiscal/domestic market outcomes.
- Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 2: Money and Banking- Part I > Indian Govt. securities will very soon join Global Bond Index > p. 48
SLR defines the liquid assets banks must hold; lowering it increases funds available for lending and is therefore directly relevant to any claim that banks will cut lending rates.
High-yield for UPSC: understanding what SLR is and how changes affect banks' lendable resources helps answer questions on liquidity, credit supply and monetary policy transmission. It connects to CRR, liquidity management and credit creation topics. Master by memorising definitions and practising application questions (e.g., effects of SLR/CRR changes on bank lending and money supply).
- Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 2: Money and Banking- Part I > The following are the major instruments/tools that RBI uses for conducting its monetary policy: > p. 63
- Macroeconomics (NCERT class XII 2025 ed.) > Chapter 3: Money and Banking > Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) = Percentage of deposits which a bank must keep as cash reserves with the bank. > p. 40
- Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 7: Money and Banking > INCREMENTAL CASH RESERVE RATIO > p. 169
Standing Deposit Facility (SDF): The modern sibling to Reverse Repo. While SLR manages solvency/liquidity, SDF is now the floor of the liquidity corridor to absorb excess liquidity without requiring RBI to provide collateral. Expect a question comparing SDF vs Reverse Repo.
The 'Drastic' Heuristic: In Macroeconomics, a 50 basis point (0.5%) change is a fine-tuning adjustment. It never causes 'drastic' changes (eliminates A and D). Option B relies on external factors (FIIs). Option C uses 'may' and follows direct supply-demand logic (More supply of money = Lower price/rate).
Mains GS-3 (Fiscal Policy): High SLR is historically a tool for 'Financial Repression'. It forces banks to buy Govt bonds, allowing the Govt to borrow cheaply to fund the Fiscal Deficit, but it 'crowds out' private sector investment by reducing lendable funds.