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Q11 (IAS/2015) Environment & Ecology › Pollution & Conservation › Agricultural pollution Official Key

What can be the impact of excessive/inappropriate use of nitrogenous fertilizers in agriculture? 1. Proliferation of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in soil can occur. 2. Increase in the acidity of soil can take place. 3. Leaching of nitrate to the groundwater can occur. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Result
Your answer: —  ·  Correct: C
Explanation

The correct answer is option C (statements 2 and 3 only).

**Statement 1 is incorrect**: Excessive nitrogenous fertilizers do not cause proliferation of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms. In fact, excessive use of chemical fertilizers reduces the population of soil-borne organisms[1]. When external nitrogen is abundantly available, nitrogen-fixing organisms have no competitive advantage, so they don't proliferate.

**Statement 2 is correct**: Excessive use of chemical fertilizers made the soil acidic[2], which is why it can be treated with lime, which is a base[2]. This acidification negatively affects plant growth and soil health.

**Statement 3 is correct**: Excess fertilizers may reach the ground water by leaching[3]. This contamination is serious, as high nitrate contamination in groundwater is believed to cause blue baby syndrome, resulting from leaching of nitrate generated from fertilizer used in agricultural lands[4].

Therefore, only statements 2 and 3 are correct impacts of excessive nitrogenous fertilizer use.

Sources
  1. [1] Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 5: Environmental Pollution > iii. Fertilizers and manurest > p. 79
  2. [2] Science-Class VII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 2: Exploring Substances: Acidic, Basic, and Neutral > 2.3 Neutralisation in Daily Life > p. 18
  3. [3] Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 5: Environmental Pollution > 3) Agricultural sources: > p. 74
  4. [4] Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 29: Environment Issues and Health Effects > d) Blue baby syndrome > p. 416
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Each bar shows the % of students who chose that option. Green bar = correct answer, blue outline = your choice.
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Don’t just practise – reverse-engineer the question. This panel shows where this PYQ came from (books / web), how the examiner broke it into hidden statements, and which nearby micro-concepts you were supposed to learn from it. Treat it like an autopsy of the question: what might have triggered it, which exact lines in the book matter, and what linked ideas you should carry forward to future questions.
Q. What can be the impact of excessive/inappropriate use of nitrogenous fertilizers in agriculture? 1. Proliferation of nitrogen-fixing micr…
At a glance
Origin: Books + Current Affairs Fairness: Moderate fairness Books / CA: 6.7/10 · 3.3/10

This is a classic 'Green Revolution fallout' question. Statements 2 and 3 are direct lifts from basic NCERT/Shankar texts on pollution. Statement 1 requires 'Ecological Logic' rather than a specific book line: Nature is efficient; if you provide free nitrogen, microbes stop fixing it energetically. Don't just memorize 'pollution is bad'; understand the biological feedback loops.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
Does excessive or inappropriate use of nitrogenous fertilizers in agriculture cause an increase (proliferation) of nitrogen‑fixing microorganisms in soil?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 4/5
"the reduction of nitrogen inputs in freshwater lakes is ineffective when it leads to an increase in nitrogen-fixing organisms (such as cyanobacteria)."
Why this source?
  • Explicitly states that reductions in nitrogen inputs can lead to increases in nitrogen‑fixing organisms (implying the opposite—high N inputs do not promote them).
  • Gives an example (cyanobacteria) showing nitrogen‑fixers proliferate under lower N availability, which counters the claim that excessive fertiliser increases them.
Web source
Presence: 3/5
"Corals are adapted to thrive in the sun-lit, nutrient-poor waters of tropical oceans13 thanks to their intimate relationship with microscopic algae and nitrogen-fixing microbes (called diazotrophs)."
Why this source?
  • Describes nitrogen‑fixing microbes (diazotrophs) as part of systems adapted to nutrient‑poor (low‑N) environments, implying they are associated with low nitrogen availability rather than high.
  • Supports the inference that adding excess inorganic N would not promote, and may suppress, diazotroph proliferation.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 5: Environmental Pollution > iii. Fertilizers and manurest > p. 79
Strength: 5/5
“r Chemical fertilizers are added to the soil for increasing crop yield. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers reduces the population of soil-borne organism and the crumb structure of the soil, productivity of the soil and increases salt content of the soil.”
Why relevant

States that excessive use of chemical fertilizers reduces the population of soil-borne organisms and degrades soil structure.

How to extend

A student could infer that adding large amounts of inorganic N might suppress or kill some soil microbes (including N-fixers) rather than promote their proliferation, and could check studies comparing microbial abundance under high vs low fertilizer regimes.

Economics, Class IX . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 1: The Story of Village Palampur > Suggested Activity > p. 6
Strength: 5/5
“soil for long. They may escape from the soil and pollute groundwater, rivers and lakes. Chemical fertilizers can also kill bacteria and other microorganisms in the soil. This means some time after their use, the soil will be less fertile than ever before....(Source: Down to Earth, New Delhi) .....The consumption of chemical fertilizers in Punjab is highest in the country. The continuous use of chemical fertilizers has led to degradation of soil health. Punjab farmers are now forced to use more and more chemical fertilizers and other inputs to achieve the same production level. This means cost of cultivation is rising very fast.....(Source: The Tribune, Chandigarh)”
Why relevant

Says chemical fertilizers can kill bacteria and other microorganisms, leaving soil less fertile over time.

How to extend

Combine this with the hypothesis that added N reduces the ecological niche for N-fixing microbes: if fertilizers kill microbes or remove the need for biological N fixation, their numbers may fall rather than rise.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 25: Agriculture > Bio-fertilizers > p. 364
Strength: 4/5
“o Bio-fertilizers are the preparations containing live or latent cells of efficient strains of nitrogen fixing, phosphate solubilizing or cellulolytic microorganisms used for application to seed or composting areas with the objective of increasing the numbers of such micro-organisms and accelerating those microbial processes which augment the availability of nutrients that can be easily assimilated by plants”
Why relevant

Defines bio-fertilizers as preparations used to increase numbers of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms by deliberate application.

How to extend

Shows that increases in N-fixer populations are normally achieved by adding live microbes, not by adding inorganic N; students could contrast effects of biofertilizer application versus inorganic N fertilizer on N-fixer abundance.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 2: Functions of an Ecosystem > c) The Nitrogen Cycle > p. 19
Strength: 4/5
“(c) The Nitrogen Cycle 0000 00 Nitrogen is an essential constituent of protein and is a basic building block of all living tissue. It constitutes nearly 16% by weight of all the proteins. There is an inexhaustible supply of nitrogen in the atmosphere but the elemental form cannot be used directly by most of the living organisms. Nitrogen needs to be 'fixed', that is, converted to ammonia, nitrites or nitrates, before it can be taken up by plants. Nitrogen fixation on Earth is accomplished in three different ways: • (i) By microorganisms (bacteria and blue-green algae) • (ii) By man using industrial processes (fertilizer factories) and • (iii) To a limited extent by atmospheric phenomenon such as thunder and lighting Certain microorganisms are capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium ions.”
Why relevant

Explains that microorganisms (bacteria and blue‑green algae) are a primary natural route of nitrogen fixation, distinct from industrial fertilizers.

How to extend

A student can use this to reason that industrial N addition is a separate source of plant-available N and might reduce selection pressure for biological N fixation, so one would predict less, not more, microbial fixation activity when inorganic N is abundant.

Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > 2016 > p. 361
Strength: 3/5
“• 24. Why does the Government of India promote the use of 'neem-coated urea' in agriculture? • (a) Release of Neem oil in the soil increases nitrogen fixation by the soil microorganisms. • (b) Neem coating slows down the rate of dissolution of urea in the soil. • (c) Nitrous oxide, which is a greenhouse gas, is not at all released into atmosphere by crop fields. • (d) It is a combination of a weedicide and a fertilizer for particular crops. 25”
Why relevant

Notes neem-coated urea alters fertilizer behavior and even claims (as an option) increased nitrogen fixation via soil microorganisms when neem oil is released.

How to extend

This example suggests that fertilizer formulation can affect microbial processes; a student could investigate whether some fertilizer treatments might indirectly favor or disfavor N-fixers (so effects are context-dependent).

Statement 2
Does excessive or inappropriate use of nitrogenous fertilizers in agriculture lead to increased soil acidity (lower soil pH)?
Origin: Direct from books Fairness: Straightforward Book-answerable
From standard books
Science-Class VII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 2: Exploring Substances: Acidic, Basic, and Neutral > 2.3 Neutralisation in Daily Life > p. 18
Presence: 5/5
“Situation 2: On the Farmer's Portal (an online platform from the Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare), a query from a farmer states, "My plants are not growing well lately". After a detailed discussion, it was found that the excessive use of chemical fertilisers (substances added to soil to help plants grow better) made the soil acidic. What remedy might be provided to him? When the soil is too acidic, the plants do not grow well. It can be treated with lime, which is a base. (Fig. 2.12).”
Why this source?
  • Direct scenario: explicitly states excessive use of chemical fertilisers made the soil acidic in a farmer case study.
  • Gives a treatment (lime) for acidic soil, implying a causal link between fertilizer overuse and lowered pH.
Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 5: Environmental Pollution > iii. Fertilizers and manurest > p. 79
Presence: 3/5
“r Chemical fertilizers are added to the soil for increasing crop yield. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers reduces the population of soil-borne organism and the crumb structure of the soil, productivity of the soil and increases salt content of the soil.”
Why this source?
  • Notes excessive chemical fertilizers alter soil biology and structure and increase salt content, indicating adverse changes to soil chemistry.
  • Supports the general idea that overuse of chemical fertilizers causes harmful soil chemical changes (consistent with acidification pathways).
Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 25: Agriculture > Acid soils > p. 368
Presence: 3/5
“r Acid soils are characteristically low in pH ( < 6.0). Predominance of H + and Al3+ cause acidity resulting in deficiency of P, K, Ca, Mg, Mo and B.”
Why this source?
  • Defines acid soils as low pH (<6.0) and explains the chemical nature and nutrient consequences of soil acidity.
  • Provides context on what ‘increased soil acidity’ means and why it matters for plant nutrition.
Statement 3
Does excessive or inappropriate use of nitrogenous fertilizers in agriculture cause leaching of nitrate into groundwater?
Origin: Direct from books Fairness: Straightforward Book-answerable
From standard books
Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 29: Environment Issues and Health Effects > d) Blue baby syndrome > p. 416
Presence: 5/5
“• It is believed to be caused by high nitrate contamination in groundwater, resulting in decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin in babies leading to death. • The groundwater is thought to be contaminated by leaching of nitrate generated from fertilizer used in agricultural lands and waste dumps. • It may also be related to some pesticides (DDT, PCBs etc), which cause eco-toxicological problems in the food chains of living organisms, increasing BOD, which kills aquatic animals.”
Why this source?
  • Explicitly states groundwater contamination by leaching of nitrate generated from fertilizer used in agricultural lands.
  • Links nitrate contamination in groundwater to a concrete health outcome (blue baby syndrome), showing real-world consequence of leaching.
Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 5: Environmental Pollution > 3) Agricultural sources: > p. 74
Presence: 5/5
“Fertilizers contain major plant nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Excess fertilizers may reach the ground water by leaching or may be mixed with surface water of rivers, lakes and ponds by runoff and drainage. Pesticides include insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, nematocides, rodenticides and soil fumigants. They contain a wide range of chemicals such as chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphates, metallic salts, carbonates, thiocarbonates, derivatives of acetic acid etc.”
Why this source?
  • Directly says excess fertilizers may reach groundwater by leaching or enter surface waters by runoff and drainage.
  • Identifies fertilizers as sources of major plant nutrients including nitrogen, implying nitrogenous fertilizers are involved.
Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 2: Functions of an Ecosystem > s r n r u l z N ,- / & f . -. : : u ' , \ S ACADEMY * d 6 # . , r '' t u f Y l ' ' J * w { d ) / u Y . / > p. 20
Presence: 4/5
“The nitrates synthesised by bacteria in the soil are taken up by plants and converted into amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. These then go through higher trophic levels of the ecosystem. During excretion and upon the death of all organisms nitrogen is returned to the soil in the form of ammonia. Certain quantity of soil nitrates, being highly soluble in water, is lost to the system by being transported away by surface runoff or ground water. In the soil as well as oceans there are special denitrifying bacteria (e.g. Pseudomonas), which convert the nitrates/nitrites to elemental nitrogen.”
Why this source?
  • Explains that soil nitrates are highly soluble in water and can be lost from the soil by transport to groundwater or surface runoff.
  • Provides a mechanistic basis (solubility and transport) for how nitrates from soil/fertilizer can move into groundwater.
Pattern takeaway: UPSC consistently tests the 'Law of Diminishing Returns' in ecology. The pattern is: Input (Fertilizer) → Mechanism (Leaching/Nitrification) → Negative Consequence (Acidity/Groundwater pollution). Future questions will likely shift to solutions: Nano-Urea, Neem Coated Urea mechanisms, or Liquid Nano DAP.
How you should have studied
  1. [THE VERDICT]: Conceptual Sitter. Statements 2 and 3 are foundational knowledge; Statement 1 is solved by basic biological logic.
  2. [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: Agriculture > Fertilizers > Negative Externalities of the Green Revolution (Soil Health).
  3. [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize the 'Nitrogen Cascade': 1) Water: Eutrophication & Blue Baby Syndrome (Methemoglobinemia). 2) Air: Ammonia volatilization & N2O (Greenhouse gas + Ozone depletion). 3) Soil: Acidity (H+ release during nitrification) & Salinization.
  4. [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: When studying any agricultural input (Urea, DAP, Pesticides), always map three dimensions: Impact on Soil Chemistry (pH), Impact on Groundwater (Leaching), and Impact on Soil Biology (Microbial diversity). UPSC rarely asks about 'yield'—they ask about the 'cost' to the ecosystem.
Concept hooks from this question
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Impact of excessive chemical fertilizers on soil biota
💡 The insight

Several references state that excessive chemical fertilizers reduce or kill soil microorganisms and degrade soil structure, directly addressing how fertilizer misuse affects microbial populations.

High-yield for UPSC: questions often probe environmental impacts of the Green Revolution and soil health. This concept links agriculture, environment and sustainable development topics, and helps answer questions on soil degradation, policy responses (e.g., organic farming) and mitigation measures. Prepare by studying cause–effect chains (fertilizer → microbial decline → reduced fertility) and policy/technology alternatives.

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 5: Environmental Pollution > iii. Fertilizers and manurest > p. 79
  • Economics, Class IX . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 1: The Story of Village Palampur > Suggested Activity > p. 6
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 5: Environmental Pollution > 3) Agricultural sources: > p. 74
🔗 Anchor: "Does excessive or inappropriate use of nitrogenous fertilizers in agriculture ca..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Nitrogen fixation and nitrogen‑fixing microorganisms
💡 The insight

Understanding what nitrogen fixation is and which organisms perform it is essential to judge whether their populations would increase or decrease under heavy nitrogenous fertilizer use.

Core ecological concept frequently tested in GS papers and prelims. It connects to the nitrogen cycle, biofertilizers, and agricultural practices. Master by learning types of fixation (microbial, industrial, atmospheric), key organisms (Rhizobium, cyanobacteria), and implications for soil fertility and crop choices.

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 2: Functions of an Ecosystem > c) The Nitrogen Cycle > p. 19
  • FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Geomorphic Processes > Biological Activity > p. 45
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 25: Agriculture > Bio-fertilizers > p. 364
🔗 Anchor: "Does excessive or inappropriate use of nitrogenous fertilizers in agriculture ca..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Biofertilisers versus chemical fertilisers (management and policy implications)
💡 The insight

References describe biofertilisers as preparations to increase numbers of N‑fixing microbes and contrast this with problems from excessive chemical fertilizer use, a distinction central to the statement.

Important for UPSC value‑addition: links sustainable agriculture, policy (promotion of biofertilisers), and environmental pollution. Useful for mains answers on sustainable practices and for framing policy prescriptions. Study definitions, comparative effects, and policy measures (promotion of biofertilisers, neem‑coated urea, organic farming).

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 25: Agriculture > Bio-fertilizers > p. 364
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 11: Agriculture - Part II > Scope of organic farming in India > p. 347
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 5: Environmental Pollution > iii. Fertilizers and manurest > p. 79
🔗 Anchor: "Does excessive or inappropriate use of nitrogenous fertilizers in agriculture ca..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Fertilizer-induced soil acidification
💡 The insight

Reference [3] directly links excessive chemical fertilizer use to soil acidification; [1] shows fertilizers alter soil chemistry.

High-yield for environment/agriculture questions—explains a direct anthropogenic cause of soil degradation. Connects to topics on fertilizer management, soil health, and sustainable agriculture. Prepare by memorising common causes, symptoms, and brief evidence-backed remedies.

📚 Reading List :
  • Science-Class VII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 2: Exploring Substances: Acidic, Basic, and Neutral > 2.3 Neutralisation in Daily Life > p. 18
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 5: Environmental Pollution > iii. Fertilizers and manurest > p. 79
🔗 Anchor: "Does excessive or inappropriate use of nitrogenous fertilizers in agriculture le..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Acid soils: definition, causes and nutrient impacts
💡 The insight

Reference [5] defines acid soils and lists chemical consequences (H+, Al3+) and resultant nutrient deficiencies.

Frequently tested in GS and optionals (agriculture/environment): knowing definition, causes and crop impacts helps answer questions on soil health, crop loss and policy (soil management). Study definitions, symptoms, and links to nutrient availability.

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 25: Agriculture > Acid soils > p. 368
🔗 Anchor: "Does excessive or inappropriate use of nitrogenous fertilizers in agriculture le..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Soil amendment: liming to neutralize acidity
💡 The insight

Reference [3] cites lime (a base) as the remedy for overly acidic soil caused by excess fertilizers.

Practically important for policy and strategy questions on remediation and sustainable practices. Enables answers on mitigation measures and connects to broader topics like sustainable farming and input management. Learn typical remedies and their rationale (neutralisation).

📚 Reading List :
  • Science-Class VII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 2: Exploring Substances: Acidic, Basic, and Neutral > 2.3 Neutralisation in Daily Life > p. 18
🔗 Anchor: "Does excessive or inappropriate use of nitrogenous fertilizers in agriculture le..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S3
👉 Nitrate leaching from agricultural fertilizers
💡 The insight

Multiple references state that excess fertilizers (including nitrogenous ones) can leach into groundwater or be carried by runoff, causing nitrate contamination.

High-yield for environment/GS papers: links agriculture to water pollution and public health. Helps answer questions on causes of groundwater contamination, agricultural impacts, and mitigation policy. Prepare by studying pathways (leaching/runoff), sources (fertilizers), and case examples from syllabus materials.

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 29: Environment Issues and Health Effects > d) Blue baby syndrome > p. 416
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 5: Environmental Pollution > 3) Agricultural sources: > p. 74
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 2: Functions of an Ecosystem > s r n r u l z N ,- / & f . -. : : u ' , \ S ACADEMY * d 6 # . , r '' t u f Y l ' ' J * w { d ) / u Y . / > p. 20
🔗 Anchor: "Does excessive or inappropriate use of nitrogenous fertilizers in agriculture ca..."
🌑 The Hidden Trap

Since acidity is the problem (Stmt 2), the 'Shadow Fact' is the solution: Liming (adding Calcium Carbonate) corrects acid soil. Conversely, Gypsum is used to correct Alkaline/Saline soil. Also, look out for 'Nitrification Inhibitors' (like Neem Oil) which slow down the conversion of Urea to Nitrate, reducing leaching.

⚡ Elimination Cheat Code

Apply the 'Evolutionary Efficiency' logic to Statement 1. Nitrogen fixation is an energy-expensive process for microbes. If a farmer dumps ready-made Nitrogen (fertilizer), why would a microbe waste energy fixing it from the air? They wouldn't. Abundance leads to laziness (suppression), not proliferation. Thus, Statement 1 is biologically illogical.

🔗 Mains Connection

Link this to GS3 Agriculture (Fertilizer Subsidy). The skew in N:P:K ratio (ideal 4:2:1, actual is much higher in N) due to Urea subsidies drives this 'excessive use'. This connects soil science directly to fiscal policy (Nutrient Based Subsidy scheme).

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SIMILAR QUESTIONS

CDS-II · 2016 · Q11 Relevance score: -1.80

Excessive use of which of the following fertilizers may be responsible for the presence of a toxic substance in groundwater?

IAS · 2016 · Q24 Relevance score: -2.49

Why does the Government of India promote the use of 'Neem-coated Urea' in agriculture?

CDS-II · 2010 · Q24 Relevance score: -2.89

Which among the following statements about bio fertilizers are correct ? . 1. Azotobacter is one of the Nitrogen fixing bacteria used as a bio fertilizer. 2. They have to be applied to the leaves of the plant only. 3. They alter the chemical composition of the soil. 4. They can be used along with organic fertilizers. Select the correct answer using the code given below :

NDA-II · 2013 · Q76 Relevance score: -2.90

Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) is a popular nitrogen fertilizer because it is

IAS · 2020 · Q1 Relevance score: -3.07

What are the advantages of fertigation in agriculture ? 1. Controlling the alkalinity of irrigation water is possible. 2. Efficient application of Rock Phosphate and all other phosphatic fertilizers is possible. 3. Increased availability of nutrients to plants is possible. 4. Reduction in the leaching of chemical nutrients is possible. Select the correct answer using the code given below :