With reference to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. IUCN is an organ of the United Nations and CITES is an international agreement between governments. 2. IUCN runs thousands of field projects around the world to better manage natural environments. 3. CITES is legally binding on the States that have joined it, but this Convention does not take the place of national laws. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Describes CITES as an "international agreement between governments" that "entered into force in 1975" and refers to States as "Parties", suggesting it functions like a treaty.

A student could use the general rule that international instruments which 'enter into force' and have 'Parties' are typically treaties that create obligations, and therefore check the CITES text or domestic adoption to confirm binding effect.

States the Convention "monitors and regulates international trade in endangered and threatened species", implying the Convention sets rules or controls for Parties to follow.

One could extend this to the idea that a regime that regulates trade would need implementation mechanisms and obligations for Parties—so check whether Parties must enact implementing measures.

Gives a clear example (the Convention on Biological Diversity) described as "legally binding" with Parties "obliged to implement its provisions", providing a pattern for how environmental conventions operate.

Compare the language used for CITES (e.g., 'entered into force', 'Parties') with the CBD example to infer whether CITES is similarly intended to create obligations and then verify via primary sources.

Although about CMS, it says the Convention "establish[es] obligations for each State joining the Convention", showing that multilateral environmental conventions commonly create state obligations on accession.

A student could generalize this pattern—that joining such conventions often entails obligations—and then check whether CITES contains comparable language imposing duties on its Parties.

Explains that species are listed on appendices and the Convention 'encourages' Range States to conclude Agreements, indicating the treaty uses listings and cooperative mechanisms to influence state conduct.

Use the presence of appendices and encouragements as clues that the treaty establishes binding categories and cooperative expectations; then consult the treaty or national implementing laws to see which parts are binding.

Says the Coalition complements and reinforces existing national, regional and international efforts, and explicitly notes CITES monitors and regulates international trade alongside those efforts.

A student could infer CITES works with—not instead of—national laws and check national legislation (e.g., wildlife acts) to see implementing measures.

Defines CITES as an international agreement between governments (a treaty) entered into force in 1975 and aimed at ensuring international trade does not threaten species.

Knowing CITES is a treaty, a student could use basic legal practice (treaties require national implementation) to suspect it needs domestic laws rather than replacing them.

Notes the Convention encourages Range States to conclude global or regional Agreements for migratory species—implying cooperative measures rather than unilateral replacement of domestic law.

A student could check whether such encouragement implies states adopt complementary national/regional measures to implement CITES protections.

Explains that to regulate international trade in wild plants and animals, the Government of India passed the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 — an example of domestic legislation addressing the same goals.

A student could view this as an example where a country enacts national law to implement international objectives, suggesting CITES does not by itself replace domestic law.

States that over decades CITES has helped ensure global conservation and that Parties have strategic visions—indicating an international framework requiring party participation and action.

A student could infer that party-driven strategies imply implementation responsibilities at national level, and then verify by examining party obligations in CITES instruments.