Question map
India is a member of which among the following? 1. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 2. Association of South-East Asian Nations 3. East Asia Summit Select the correct answer using the code given below.
Explanation
India has expressed interest in APEC membership since the mid-1990s but has not been included[1], which means India is not a member of APEC. Regarding ASEAN, ASEAN was formed by Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand in 1967[2], and India is not listed as a member country. While India has economic cooperation with ASEAN through agreements, it is not a member of the organization itself. However, the East Asia Summit is a forum of 18 countries of the Asia-Pacific region (including India)[3], confirming that India is indeed a member of the EAS. Therefore, among the three organizations mentioned, India is only a member of the East Asia Summit, making option B (3 only) the correct answer.
Sources- [1] https://asiasociety.org/policy-institute/IndiaAPEC
- [2] https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/156295/adbi-wp440.pdf
- [3] Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 18: International Economic Institutions > East Asia Summit (EAS) > p. 550
PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
Full viewThis is a classic 'Membership vs. Partnership' trap. UPSC exploits the confusion between India being a 'Strategic Partner' (ASEAN) or an 'Aspirant' (APEC) versus a full 'Member' (EAS). The strategy is binary: for every major acronym, explicitly tag India as 'Member', 'Observer', or 'Dialogue Partner'—never assume engagement equals membership.
This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.
- Explicitly states India's long-standing interest in joining APEC but indicates it has not been included.
- Directly addresses India's membership status in APEC.
- Defines APEC as an inter-governmental forum for a specific set of 21 member economies.
- Implies membership is limited to the listed member economies (India is not listed among them in the provided excerpt).
- Notes that APEC placed a moratorium on new membership after 1998, explaining why India has not been added.
- Provides context on membership expansion and that new additions have been halted.
Contains a multiple-choice question that lists APEC, ASEAN and East Asia Summit (EAS) and asks which India is a member of, implying the textbook treats India’s membership status in APEC as a testable fact.
A student could recall or check the intended correct option from the book (or compare with a world/regional membership list) to infer whether India belongs to APEC.
States that the East Asia Summit is a forum of Asia‑Pacific countries 'including India', providing an explicit example of a regional Asia‑Pacific body that does include India.
Use this pattern (EAS includes India) to contrast with APEC membership lists: if EAS includes India but APEC’s member list (from a basic external list) does not, that suggests India is not in APEC.
Describes India's 'Act East' policy aimed at engaging the Asia‑Pacific region, showing India’s regional engagement does not equate to membership of every Asia‑Pacific institution.
Combine this with a map or list of regional organisations to judge that active engagement (policy) is distinct from formal membership (so India might engage Asia‑Pacific bodies without being an APEC member).
Lists the Asia‑Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) and explicitly names India as a member, giving an example of a regional Asia‑Pacific trade group that does include India.
Compare APTA’s membership (includes India) with APEC’s membership (external list); differing membership patterns across Asia‑Pacific bodies can help test whether India is in APEC.
Notes that India is not a member of OECD despite being a major economy, illustrating that major economies are not automatically members of all international economic institutions.
Apply this general rule: India can be excluded from prominent economic groupings; therefore membership in APEC must be checked against membership lists rather than assumed.
- Lists the founding members of ASEAN (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand), showing ASEAN is composed of specific Southeast Asian states.
- By enumerating ASEAN members without India, the passage implies India is not a member.
- Refers to a distinct 'ASEAN–India Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement', indicating India is a separate party entering an agreement with ASEAN.
- The need for a bilateral/regional agreement between ASEAN and India supports that India is not itself an ASEAN member.
Lists the ten ASEAN members (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Brunei, Vietnam, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Cambodia) — defines who belongs to ASEAN.
A student could compare this member list with a map or India's location to see India is not among the named ASEAN states.
States that the 'ASEAN-India FTA' came into effect in 2010, highlighting a formal relationship between ASEAN and India without implying ASEAN membership.
A student can infer that existence of an FTA implies India is a separate partner (not a member) and check membership lists to confirm.
Explains ASEAN has separate free-trade agreements with several partners including India (AIFTA), indicating India is an external FTA partner to ASEAN.
From the pattern 'ASEAN + partner' FTAs, a student can deduce India is a partner country rather than an internal ASEAN member and then verify member lists.
Notes India's historical distance from ASEAN during the Cold War and that it later signed trade agreements with individual ASEAN members, implying a non-member relationship.
A student could use this pattern (bilateral agreements with members) to reason India engaged with ASEAN countries without being a collective member.
Contains an examination-style question listing organisations (APEC, ASEAN, East Asia Summit) and presents answer choices that separate membership of India from ASEAN membership.
A student could treat this as an implicit clue that India is associated with regional groupings (e.g., East Asia Summit) but not listed as ASEAN member and then cross-check current membership lists.
- Explicitly states the EAS is a forum of 18 Asia‑Pacific countries and includes India.
- Defines EAS purpose (strategic dialogue/cooperation) and priority areas, implying India's endorsement and participation.
- Lists 'East Asian Summit' among international organisations India is an active member of.
- Frames EAS alongside other multilateral bodies, reinforcing India's membership status.
- [THE VERDICT]: Sitter. Basic International Relations trivia found in Class XII NCERT (Contemporary World Politics) and standard Economy texts (Singhania/Ramesh Singh).
- [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: India's 'Act East' Policy and the institutional architecture of the Indo-Pacific region.
- [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize the 'India Status' list: 1. ASEAN: Dialogue Partner (Not Member). 2. APEC: Observer/Aspirant (Not Member). 3. SCO: Full Member (since 2017). 4. MTCR: Member. 5. NSG: Not Member. 6. RCEP: Withdrew. 7. IORA: Founding Member.
- [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Do not rely on news headlines like 'PM attends ASEAN summit'. The PM attends because India is a 'Summit Level Partner'. Always verify the official member list on the organization's 'About Us' page or Wikipedia sidebar. Geography often dictates membership (e.g., ASEAN is strictly SE Asia).
Reference [2] explicitly describes the EAS as a forum of 18 Asia‑Pacific countries and notes India as a member, so understanding EAS is directly relevant when comparing Asia‑Pacific fora.
EAS is frequently tested in polity/IR and economy contexts as a key Asia‑Pacific multilateral platform; mastering its membership, priority areas and role helps answer questions about India's regional engagement and distinguish EAS from other groupings. Prepare by memorizing membership, objectives, and priority areas and linking them to India's foreign policy (Act East).
- Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 18: International Economic Institutions > East Asia Summit (EAS) > p. 550
Reference [7] lists APTA members and includes India, so APTA is a nearby concept when assessing which Asia‑Pacific economic groupings India belongs to.
APTA connects to questions on regional trade agreements and India's trade diplomacy; knowing its members and aim (trade liberalization among listed Asian economies) helps distinguish it from larger forums like APEC. Study by comparing membership lists and objectives of regional trade agreements.
- Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 18: International Economic Institutions > 2 Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) > p. 551
Reference [3] describes the Act East Policy's emphasis on India‑ASEAN and broader Asia‑Pacific cooperation, linking India's policy approach to participation in regional forums.
Act East is a high‑yield foreign policy concept for UPSC, connecting domestic development priorities with regional diplomacy; it helps explain why India participates in some Asia‑Pacific multilateral forums (e.g., EAS) even if membership in every forum is not automatic. Prepare by mapping objectives, priority regions (ASEAN/Asia‑Pacific), and institutional linkages (EAS, ASEAN).
- Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 88: Foreign Policy > ACT EAST POLICY OF INDIA > p. 612
The question concerns whether India belongs to ASEAN; references identify ASEAN's founding members and state current membership composition (and explicitly note India's non-membership).
High-yield for UPSC international relations and modern history: knowing ASEAN's founding members, expansion to 10 states, and membership status helps answer questions on regional groups and India's position in Asia. Connects to geopolitics (SE Asia), neighbourhood diplomacy and multilateral groupings. Prepare by memorising founding members, timeline of accession and scanning NCERT/standard economy/politics texts.
- Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 18: International Economic Institutions > ASEAN > p. 550
- Contemporary World Politics, Textbook in political science for Class XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 2: Contemporary Centres of Power > 20 Contemporary World Politics > p. 20
Although India is not an ASEAN member, the references show India engages with ASEAN through trade agreements (ASEAN-India FTA) and policy initiatives (Look East/Act East).
Useful for questions on trade diplomacy and regional economic integration: distinguishes membership from partner/FTA relationships, links to topics like RCEP and bilateral FTAs. Master by mapping India’s major FTAs, key dates (e.g., ASEAN-India FTA/2010) and policy shifts (Look East → Act East).
- Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 13: International Organizations > 13.13 Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) and RCEP > p. 393
- Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 13: International Organizations > Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) > p. 394
- Contemporary World Politics, Textbook in political science for Class XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 2: Contemporary Centres of Power > Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) > p. 21
References describe ASEAN's interaction framework (members, dialogue partners, non‑regional organisations), clarifying different types of participation versus full membership.
Conceptually important for UPSC to differentiate membership rights/obligations from dialogue/partnership status; helps answer questions on India’s role in regional forums (East Asia Summit, ARF etc.). Study by listing examples of members vs dialogue partners and noting typical privileges of each category.
- Contemporary World Politics, Textbook in political science for Class XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 2: Contemporary Centres of Power > 22 Contemporary World Politics > p. 22
- Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 18: International Economic Institutions > ASEAN > p. 550
References identify the EAS as a multilateral forum that includes India and outline its founding purpose and priority areas.
High‑yield for UPSC questions on regional architecture and India's multilateral engagements; helps answer queries on membership, founding purpose, and thematic priorities. Study by memorising founding year, membership count, objectives and priority areas and relate to other Asia‑Pacific forums.
- Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 18: International Economic Institutions > East Asia Summit (EAS) > p. 550
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 16: India–Political Aspects > INDIA'S ROLE IN WORLD AFFAIRS > p. 58
The 'ASEAN+3' grouping. While India is in the East Asia Summit (ASEAN + 6), it is NOT part of 'ASEAN+3' (which is ASEAN + China, Japan, South Korea). This is the next logical trap in this sequence.
Apply the 'Nomenclature Geography' rule. Statement 2 says 'Association of South-East Asian Nations'. India is geographically in 'South Asia', not 'South-East Asia'. Regional blocs like ASEAN or EU are usually strict about geographic contiguity. Therefore, India cannot be a member. Eliminating 2 removes options A and C. You are left with B (3 only) or D (None). Knowing India's 'Act East' focus makes EAS (Statement 3) highly probable.
Connects to GS-2 (International Relations - Regional Groupings) and GS-3 (Economy - Supply Chains). India's exclusion from APEC and withdrawal from RCEP forces reliance on bilateral FTAs (CEPA/CECA) to integrate with Asian value chains.