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Q17 (IAS/2015) Science & Technology › Biotechnology & Health › Human infectious diseases Official Key

Among the following, which were frequently mentioned in the news for the outbreak of Ebola virus recently?

Result
Your answer:  ·  Correct: B
Explanation

The West African Ebola epidemic swept through Guinea,[1] Sierra Leone and Liberia. Of these countries, Liberia was reported by many organizations as the most severely affected.[1] There were 20,721 EVD cases in total: 2,775 in Guinea, 8,157 in Liberia, and 9,789 in Sierra Leone.[2] These three countries formed the core of the outbreak and were frequently mentioned in news reports during 2014-2016, particularly in 2015 when the epidemic was at its peak. The epidemic was initially located in the[3] West Africa region, and while there were isolated cases in other countries like Spain, the United States, United Kingdom, and Italy, the primary focus of international attention and news coverage remained on Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia as the epicenter of the crisis.

Sources
  1. [1] https://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/423511560254844269/pdf/Impact-of-the-West-African-Ebola-Epidemic-on-Agricultural-Production-and-Rural-Welfare-Evidence-from-Liberia.pdf
  2. [2] https://www.undp.org/publications/undps-policy-notes-economic-impact-ebola-virus-guinea-liberia-and-sierra-leone
  3. [3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic_timeline
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Q. Among the following, which were frequently mentioned in the news for the outbreak of Ebola virus recently? [A] Syria and Jordan [B] Gui…
At a glance
Origin: Mostly Current Affairs Fairness: Low / Borderline fairness Books / CA: 0/10 · 7.5/10

This is a classic 'Headline Geography' question. It is extremely fair because the 2014-16 Ebola crisis was the dominant global news story of the year. The lesson is simple: When a crisis hits, do not just read the story—open your Atlas and memorize the specific cluster of affected countries.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
Were Syria and Jordan frequently mentioned in news reports about the 2014–2016 West Africa Ebola virus outbreak (news coverage in 2015)?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 1/5
"Location | West Africa region (initially)"
Why this source?
  • Identifies the primary location of the epidemic as the West Africa region, implying coverage focused on West African countries.
  • No mention of Syria or Jordan in the listed location summary, suggesting they were not frequent topics in outbreak reports.
Web source
Presence: 1/5
"* [Spain] ... * [United States] ... * [United Kingdom] ... * [Italy]"
Why this source?
  • Lists other countries discussed in coverage (Spain, United States, United Kingdom, Italy), showing which non–West African countries were mentioned.
  • Syria and Jordan do not appear among the countries cited, indicating they were not frequently mentioned.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 17: Contemporary Issues > Epidemics > p. 37
Strength: 4/5
“Ebola fever in West Africa (Guinea, Sierra-Leone, Libara, etc.) has emerged as a serious epidemics during the last decade. In 2015, the swine flu outbreak occurred in the states of Rajasthan and Gujarat. More than 2000 people died in the epidemic. The 'Nipah' virus in 2018 resulted in a total of 19 deaths of which 17 were from Kerala. The outbreak was localised in the districts of Kozhikode and Mallapuram and three deaths due to 'Zika' virus infection were also reported from Kerala. The Encephalitis syndrome has resulted in death of over 153 children in the state of Bihar in June 2019.”
Why relevant

This snippet explicitly describes the West Africa Ebola outbreak and lists the primarily affected West African countries, indicating news focus on those locales.

How to extend

A student could use this to argue news coverage likely concentrated on West African countries (Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia) rather than distant Middle Eastern states like Syria and Jordan, and then check 2015 news archives for mention frequency.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 13: Cultural Setting > Recent International Migration > p. 102
Strength: 3/5
“Because of the rising number of civil wars, and local conflicts, the total number of internally displaced persons now adds upto about 45 million worldwide. Africa (Somalia, Sudan), Albania, Macedonia, and South-West Asia (Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, etc.) are the worst affected regions, with upto 25 million people having been internally displaced. During the recent decades, the major destinations for the permanent settlers have been the USA, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. The contributions of the Third World countries to their immigration is nearly 77%. In recent period, environmental degradation and natural disasters have also forced the people to out-migrate from their places.”
Why relevant

This snippet highlights large-scale displacement and migration involving Syria, showing Syria is discussed in contexts (refugees, displacement) that can be cross-referenced with epidemic reporting.

How to extend

A student could test whether epidemic coverage linked Ebola to refugee/migration topics involving Syria by searching 2015 reports for combined keywords (Ebola + refugees/Syria).

Contemporary World Politics, Textbook in political science for Class XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 6: Environment and Natural Resources > Environment and Natural Resources 95 > p. 95
Strength: 2/5
“States have used force to protect or seize freshwater resources. Examples of violence include those between Israel, Syria, and Jordan in the 1950s and 1960s over attempts by each side to divert water from the Jordan and Yarmuk Rivers, and more recent threats between Turkey, Syria, and Iraq over the construction of dams on the Euphrates River. A number of studies show that countries that share rivers — and many countries do share rivers are involved in military conflicts with each other.”
Why relevant

This snippet shows Syria and Jordan are often mentioned together in news about regional resource/conflict issues, demonstrating they appear in international reporting on Middle Eastern topics.

How to extend

A student might extend this pattern to ask if Syria/Jordan appear in global health reporting similarly, then compare counts of Middle East vs West Africa mentions in 2015 Ebola coverage.

Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 9: Divergent Boundary > 9.2. The Great Rift Valley > p. 129
Strength: 2/5
“• The Great Rift Valley runs north to south for around 6,400 kilometres from northern Syria to central Mozambique in East Africa.• The northernmost part of the rift forms the Beqaa Valley in Lebanon. Farther south, the valley is the home of the Jordan River which continues south through the Jordan Valley into the Dead Sea on the Israeli-Jordanian border. From the Dead Sea southward, the Rift is occupied by the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea.• The Afar Triangle of Ethiopia and Eritrea is the location of a triple junction. The Gulf of Aden is an eastward continuation of the rift, and from this point, the rift extends south-eastward as part of the midoceanic Aden Ridge.• In a southwest direction, the fault continues as the East African Rift, which split the older Ethiopian highlands into two halves.”
Why relevant

This geographic snippet connects northern Syria to East Africa via the Great Rift Valley, suggesting potential geographic narratives that link the Middle East and Africa in some accounts.

How to extend

A student could examine whether such geographic-link narratives caused journalists to mention Syria in pan-regional Ebola stories by checking geographic framing in 2015 articles.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 6: Environmental Degradation and Management > dESErtIfIcatIon or dESErtISatIon. > p. 17
Strength: 1/5
“In countries where desertifcation is particularly extensive and severe are Jordan, Lebanon, Somalia, Ethiopia, Southern Sudan, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and Western Sahara. Te Sahel region of Africa sufers severe drought after every two years. In the decade of 1990 it recorded one of the worst drought as a result of which the crop production was minimal and thousands of people died because of starvation. Te resulting threat of starvation spurs population of the afected areas to increase their farming and livestock pressure on the denuded land, further contributing to their desertifcation. It has been suggested that Mali may be the frst country in the world rendered uninhabitable by environmental destruction.”
Why relevant

This snippet lists Jordan among countries suffering desertification, indicating Jordan is present in environmental/development reporting that might sometimes intersect with global health discourse.

How to extend

A student could search whether environmental vulnerability pieces in 2015 linked Jordan to Ebola discussions (e.g., concern about disease spread in fragile states) to assess mention frequency.

Statement 2
Were Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia frequently mentioned in news reports about the 2014–2016 West Africa Ebola virus outbreak (news coverage in 2015)?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 4/5
"it swept through Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia. Of these countries, Liberia was reported by many organizations as the most severely affected."
Why this source?
  • Explicitly identifies the three countries as the primary affected countries of the 2014–2015 epidemic.
  • Says Liberia 'was reported by many organizations as the most severely affected,' indicating frequent reporting about these countries.
Web source
Presence: 3/5
"there were 20,721 EVD cases in total: 2,775 in Guinea, 8,157 in Liberia, and 9,789 in Sierra Leone."
Why this source?
  • Provides detailed case counts for the three countries with data dated in early January 2015.
  • Showing these specific country counts demonstrates they were central to reporting and monitoring in 2015.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"Guinea US$540 million Liberia US$180 million Sierra Leone US$920 million Core Three Countries US$1.6 billion"
Why this source?
  • World Bank press release quantifies expected forgone GDP in 2015 specifically for Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone.
  • Explicit 2015 economic impact figures indicate these three countries were focal points of coverage and analysis that year.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 17: Contemporary Issues > Epidemics > p. 37
Strength: 5/5
“Ebola fever in West Africa (Guinea, Sierra-Leone, Libara, etc.) has emerged as a serious epidemics during the last decade. In 2015, the swine flu outbreak occurred in the states of Rajasthan and Gujarat. More than 2000 people died in the epidemic. The 'Nipah' virus in 2018 resulted in a total of 19 deaths of which 17 were from Kerala. The outbreak was localised in the districts of Kozhikode and Mallapuram and three deaths due to 'Zika' virus infection were also reported from Kerala. The Encephalitis syndrome has resulted in death of over 153 children in the state of Bihar in June 2019.”
Why relevant

Explicitly names 'Ebola fever in West Africa (Guinea, Sierra-Leone, Libara, etc.)', linking those countries to an Ebola outbreak.

How to extend

A student could infer these country names were the canonical West African locations for Ebola and then check 2015 news archives to see if reporting repeatedly mentioned them.

Contemporary World Politics, Textbook in political science for Class XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Security in the Contemporary World > Security in the Contemporary World 75 > p. 75
Strength: 3/5
“By 2003, an estimated 4 crore people were infected with HIV-AIDS worldwide, two-thirds of them in Africa and half of the rest in South Asia. In North America and other industrialised countries, new drug therapies dramatically lowered the death rate from HIV-AIDS in the late 1990s. But these treatments were too expensive to help poor regions like Africa where it has proved to be a major factor in driving the region backward into deeper poverty. Other new and poorly understood diseases such as Corona, ebola virus, hantavirus, and hepatitis C have emerged, w h i l e o l d d i s e a s e s l i k e tuberculosis, malaria, dengue fever and cholera have mutated into drug resistant forms that are difficult to treat.”
Why relevant

Lists Ebola virus among 'new and poorly understood diseases' disproportionately affecting Africa, establishing a pattern of Africa-focused coverage for such diseases.

How to extend

Use this pattern to expect Africa—and by extension its affected countries—to be frequent subjects in disease news; verify by sampling 2015 news stories for country mentions.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 12: Major Crops and Cropping Patterns in India > 2. Spread of Tropical Diseases > p. 74
Strength: 2/5
“Melting of cryosphere is the result of global warming. Extremes of heat and cold, and wet and dry conditions have been frequent in recent years. Down through the history such extreme events have often been followed by outbreaks of diseases. Tere is a possibility of increase in the cases of malaria by about 15 per cent. Other diseases, such as dengue fever, yellow-fever, Ebola fever, and viral-encephalitis would also increase. In fact, malaria is spreading even in the temperate countries of Europe.”
Why relevant

States Ebola fever as an example of diseases likely to increase with global changes, framing Ebola as a notable public-health topic.

How to extend

Treat Ebola as a high-profile disease likely to generate sustained media attention; then check 2015 media frequency for the specific West African countries named elsewhere.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 12: Major Crops and Cropping Patterns in India > Groundnuts or Peanut (Arachis hypogoea) and Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) > p. 33
Strength: 3/5
“Te exported nuts are crushed to obtain the oil in the importing countries. China, India, U.S.A. Argentina, Brazil, Benin, Gambia, Ivory-Coast, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ethiopia, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Togo, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Tailand are the important producers of groundnuts (Fig. 12.12). India is the largest producer of groundnuts in the world. It is grown in the drier parts of the Peninsular India, i.e., Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana and Punjab.”
Why relevant

Groups Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone together in a list of countries (groundnut producers), showing these countries are often mentioned as a West African set.

How to extend

Because news stories often refer to regional groupings, a student could expect media reports on a West African epidemic to repeatedly name the same cluster of countries and confirm via 2015 news searches.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 29: Environment Issues and Health Effects > Coalition for Rainforest Nations > p. 426
Strength: 2/5
“# srjANKAre ,\ a-\ ...." ffi (yi, Aptruw' (]# ( ) * • At September 2011, the group included Argentina, Bangladesh, Belize, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chile, Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, El Salvador, Fiji, Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Indonesia, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Samoa, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Suriname, Thailand, Uruguay, Uganda, Vanuatu and”
Why relevant

Includes Liberia and Sierra Leone in an international-country list, indicating they appear regularly in multi-country listings and databases.

How to extend

Use the tendency of these countries to appear in lists to hypothesize frequent mention in contextual reporting (e.g., outbreak summaries) and test with 2015 news datasets.

Statement 3
Were the Philippines and Papua New Guinea frequently mentioned in news reports about the 2014–2016 West Africa Ebola virus outbreak (news coverage in 2015)?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 1/5
"Ebola virus epidemic") * [Spain](/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease_in_Spain "Ebola virus disease in Spain") * [United States](/wiki/Ebola_virus_cases_in_the_United_States "Ebola virus cases in the United States") * [United Kingdom](/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease_in_the_United_Kingdom "Ebola virus disease in the United Kingdom") * [Italy](/wiki/Western_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic#Italy "Western African Ebola virus epidemic")"
Why this source?
  • Lists specific countries mentioned in coverage (Spain, United States, United Kingdom, Italy) — shows which non‑West African countries were noted.
  • The excerpt enumerates affected/mentioned countries but does not include the Philippines or Papua New Guinea, indicating they were not highlighted in these reports.
Web source
Presence: 1/5
"+ [in Guinea](/wiki/Ebola_virus_epidemic_in_Guinea "Ebola virus epidemic in Guinea") + [in Liberia](/wiki/Ebola_virus_epidemic_in_Liberia "Ebola virus epidemic in Liberia") + [in Mali](/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease_in_Mali "Ebola"
Why this source?
  • Shows the outbreak context by listing directly affected countries (Guinea, Liberia, Mali) and related timeline items.
  • The passage focuses on West African countries and response links; it does not mention the Philippines or Papua New Guinea, implying they were not frequently covered.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 17: Contemporary Issues > Epidemics > p. 37
Strength: 5/5
“Ebola fever in West Africa (Guinea, Sierra-Leone, Libara, etc.) has emerged as a serious epidemics during the last decade. In 2015, the swine flu outbreak occurred in the states of Rajasthan and Gujarat. More than 2000 people died in the epidemic. The 'Nipah' virus in 2018 resulted in a total of 19 deaths of which 17 were from Kerala. The outbreak was localised in the districts of Kozhikode and Mallapuram and three deaths due to 'Zika' virus infection were also reported from Kerala. The Encephalitis syndrome has resulted in death of over 153 children in the state of Bihar in June 2019.”
Why relevant

Explicitly locates the Ebola fever outbreak in West Africa (Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia), implying primary news focus was on West African countries.

How to extend

A student could infer that news coverage would concentrate on the listed West African countries rather than distant Pacific countries like the Philippines or Papua New Guinea, and then check 2015 news archives for frequency by country.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 12: Major Crops and Cropping Patterns in India > 2. Spread of Tropical Diseases > p. 74
Strength: 3/5
“Melting of cryosphere is the result of global warming. Extremes of heat and cold, and wet and dry conditions have been frequent in recent years. Down through the history such extreme events have often been followed by outbreaks of diseases. Tere is a possibility of increase in the cases of malaria by about 15 per cent. Other diseases, such as dengue fever, yellow-fever, Ebola fever, and viral-encephalitis would also increase. In fact, malaria is spreading even in the temperate countries of Europe.”
Why relevant

States Ebola fever as a disease likely to increase with climatic changes alongside other tropical diseases, treating Ebola as a disease associated with certain regions.

How to extend

Use the regional association to compare expected media mentions: if Ebola is tied to West/Central Africa, expect fewer mentions of Pacific countries unless they had direct cases or policy links; verify by searching 2015 coverage for mentions of Philippines/PNG.

Political Theory, Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 6: Citizenship > 6.6 GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP > p. 94
Strength: 4/5
“In the past it might have taken months for news about developments in one part of the world to become known in other parts. But new modes of communication have put us into immediate contact with developments in different parts of the globe. We can watch disasters and wars on our television screens as they are taking place. This has helped to develop sympathies and shared concerns among people in different countries of the world. Supporters of global citizenship argue that although a world community and global society does not yet exist, people already feel”
Why relevant

Explains modern media rapidly transmits global developments, so distant countries can appear in coverage if there is direct relevance (cases, aid, travel bans).

How to extend

A student could use this rule to justify checking whether Philippines/PNG had direct ties (cases, evacuees, policy responses) that would generate frequent mentions despite distance.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 29: Environment Issues and Health Effects > Coalition for Rainforest Nations > p. 426
Strength: 2/5
“# srjANKAre ,\ a-\ ...." ffi (yi, Aptruw' (]# ( ) * • At September 2011, the group included Argentina, Bangladesh, Belize, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chile, Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, El Salvador, Fiji, Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Indonesia, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Samoa, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Suriname, Thailand, Uruguay, Uganda, Vanuatu and”
Why relevant

Lists Papua New Guinea among members of an international Coalition for Rainforest Nations, showing PNG appears in global policy lists distinct from West Africa.

How to extend

A student might infer PNG is more often discussed in environmental/policy contexts, so to judge its frequency in Ebola news one should look for crossover reasons (e.g., policy responses or international aid) in 2015 reports.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 10: Locational Factors of Economic Activities > Plantation agriculture > p. 17
Strength: 2/5
“difer from crop to crop, but as a matter of fact, the more complex the process the more likely the crop is to be produced on plantation estate rather than on small holdings. Te annual crops are more suited for plantation than perennial trees or bush crops. Te plantation agriculture is however, based on exploitation of workers and labourers. Te leading producers of plantation crops have been shown in Fig. 10.6. Te main producers of plantation crops are Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela in North and South America; Cameroon, Ethiopia, Ghana, Ivoire Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Sierra-Leone, Madagascar, Nigeria, Rawanda, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda etc. (Africa); China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea- Papua, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Tailand, Vietnam (Asia).”
Why relevant

Groups Philippines and New Guinea-Papua together in a list of plantation-producing countries, demonstrating these countries commonly appear in economic/geographic lists rather than in West African disease contexts.

How to extend

A student can use this to hypothesise that routine reportage about these countries is often economic/geographic in nature; to test the statement they should examine 2015 Ebola headlines for whether mentions of these countries were frequent or exceptional.

Statement 4
Were Jamaica, Haiti, and Surinam frequently mentioned in news reports about the 2014–2016 West Africa Ebola virus outbreak (news coverage in 2015)?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 17: Contemporary Issues > Epidemics > p. 37
Strength: 5/5
“Ebola fever in West Africa (Guinea, Sierra-Leone, Libara, etc.) has emerged as a serious epidemics during the last decade. In 2015, the swine flu outbreak occurred in the states of Rajasthan and Gujarat. More than 2000 people died in the epidemic. The 'Nipah' virus in 2018 resulted in a total of 19 deaths of which 17 were from Kerala. The outbreak was localised in the districts of Kozhikode and Mallapuram and three deaths due to 'Zika' virus infection were also reported from Kerala. The Encephalitis syndrome has resulted in death of over 153 children in the state of Bihar in June 2019.”
Why relevant

Explicitly identifies the Ebola fever outbreak as occurring in West Africa (Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia etc.), establishing geographic concentration of the epidemic.

How to extend

A student could use this geographic focus + a world map to infer news coverage would likely center on West African countries rather than distant Caribbean states.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 12: Major Crops and Cropping Patterns in India > 2. Spread of Tropical Diseases > p. 74
Strength: 4/5
“Melting of cryosphere is the result of global warming. Extremes of heat and cold, and wet and dry conditions have been frequent in recent years. Down through the history such extreme events have often been followed by outbreaks of diseases. Tere is a possibility of increase in the cases of malaria by about 15 per cent. Other diseases, such as dengue fever, yellow-fever, Ebola fever, and viral-encephalitis would also increase. In fact, malaria is spreading even in the temperate countries of Europe.”
Why relevant

States Ebola fever among diseases tied to climate and tropical spread, treating it as a disease primarily associated with certain regions (context: tropical/Africa).

How to extend

Combine this with knowledge that Jamaica, Haiti, Suriname are in the Caribbean/South America to judge whether they were central to Ebola reporting.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 8: Natural Hazards and Disaster Management > AIDs/HIVs > p. 81
Strength: 4/5
“HIV/AIDS spread to epidemic proportions in the 1980s, particularly in Africa, where the disease may have originated and where it has spread primarily through heterosexual contact. Spread was facilitated by several factors, including increasing urbanisation and long distance travel in Africa, international travel, changing sexual mores, and intravenous drug use. According to UNO estimate over 40 million people throughout the world were infected with AIDS in 2012. People living in Sub-Saharan Africa accounted for more than 70 per cent of all infections. Tis epidemic is spreading in India, South East Asian countries Latin America and West Indies, USA and Canada.”
Why relevant

Describes infectious disease dynamics (e.g., HIV/AIDS) spreading in Africa and other regions, highlighting how epidemics are often geographically concentrated and reported accordingly.

How to extend

Use the pattern that major epidemics' media attention tracks affected regions to assess likelihood of frequent mentions of Caribbean countries in Ebola coverage.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 29: Environment Issues and Health Effects > Coalition for Rainforest Nations > p. 426
Strength: 3/5
“# srjANKAre ,\ a-\ ...." ffi (yi, Aptruw' (]# ( ) * • At September 2011, the group included Argentina, Bangladesh, Belize, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chile, Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, El Salvador, Fiji, Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Indonesia, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Samoa, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Suriname, Thailand, Uruguay, Uganda, Vanuatu and”
Why relevant

Lists Jamaica and Suriname as members of an international grouping (Coalition for Rainforest Nations), showing these countries do appear in international policy lists and can be mentioned in global contexts.

How to extend

A student might extend this by checking whether international responses to Ebola involved such coalitions or whether these countries were referenced in reporting about global coordination.

History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 11: The Age of Revolutions > The Haitian Revolution > p. 163
Strength: 2/5
“Haiti, earlier known as Saint-Domingue (as the French called their colony) was the richest French colony (1659–1804) in the Caribbean Sea. Its plantations produced more sugar than all of Europe's other Caribbean and American colonies put together. The island's indigenous population, forced to mine for gold, was devastated by European diseases and brutal working conditions, and by the end of the sixteenth century it had virtually vanished. News of the storming of the Bastille was followed by armed defiance of the royal governor. Vincent Ogé, a mulatto who had lobbied with the Parisian assembly for colonial reforms, led an uprising in late 1790 but was captured and executed.”
Why relevant

Provides background showing Haiti as a historically notable Caribbean country (Saint-Domingue), indicating Haiti is a frequent subject of international news for non-Ebola reasons.

How to extend

Distinguish routine newsworthiness of Haiti from specific linkage to West African Ebola—use this to judge whether Haiti would be frequently mentioned specifically in Ebola reports.

Pattern takeaway: UPSC converts 'News Headlines' into 'Map Questions'. They test if your current affairs knowledge is geographically grounded. The pattern is consistent: Major Event -> Which Countries? -> Map Check.
How you should have studied
  1. [THE VERDICT]: Sitter. This was the 'Event of the Year' in 2014-15. If you missed this, you were not reading the newspaper.
  2. [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: Current Affairs > Global Health Crises > Mapping the 'Ground Zero'.
  3. [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize the 'Disease-Region' pairs: MERS (Middle East/Saudi Arabia), Zika (Brazil/Latin America), Nipah (Kerala/Malaysia), Mpox (DRC/Central Africa). Also, map the capitals of the Ebola trio: Conakry (Guinea), Freetown (Sierra Leone), Monrovia (Liberia).
  4. [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Do not stop at 'Ebola is in Africa.' UPSC demands the specific sub-region. Always identify the 'Core Cluster' of countries for any ongoing war, epidemic, or disaster (e.g., for Ukraine: Donbas, Crimea, Zaporizhzhia).
Concept hooks from this question
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Geographic focus of the 2014–2016 Ebola outbreak (West Africa)
💡 The insight

References explicitly locate Ebola fever in West Africa (Guinea, Sierra Leone, etc.), showing the outbreak's regional focus rather than the Middle East.

High-yield for UPSC: distinguishing the primary affected countries in major epidemics is often tested in geography/disaster-management contexts and helps answer source-based questions. Connects to topics on disease geography, public health response, and international assistance. Master by mapping outbreaks to regions and memorising principal affected states and timelines from authoritative sources.

📚 Reading List :
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 17: Contemporary Issues > Epidemics > p. 37
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 12: Major Crops and Cropping Patterns in India > 2. Spread of Tropical Diseases > p. 74
🔗 Anchor: "Were Syria and Jordan frequently mentioned in news reports about the 2014–2016 W..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Distinguishing unrelated regional references (Middle East vs West Africa)
💡 The insight

Several references mention Syria and Jordan in non-epidemic contexts (water conflicts, physical geography, desertification), indicating these countries are discussed for other regional issues, not the West Africa Ebola outbreak.

UPS C candidates must avoid false associations between regions/topics in source-based questions. This concept helps eliminate distractors by checking whether cited countries appear in the same thematic context. Prepare by practicing source discrimination (identify topic, region, and context) and cross-referencing references with maps and timelines.

📚 Reading List :
  • Contemporary World Politics, Textbook in political science for Class XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 6: Environment and Natural Resources > Environment and Natural Resources 95 > p. 95
  • Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 9: Divergent Boundary > 9.2. The Great Rift Valley > p. 129
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 6: Environmental Degradation and Management > dESErtIfIcatIon or dESErtISatIon. > p. 17
🔗 Anchor: "Were Syria and Jordan frequently mentioned in news reports about the 2014–2016 W..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Core West African countries affected by Ebola
💡 The insight

References explicitly list Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia as part of 'Ebola fever in West Africa', linking these countries to the outbreak context.

UPSC questions on contemporary health crises often require identification of epicentres and affected states; mastering which countries were central to high-profile outbreaks (and being able to locate them regionally) helps answer questions in disaster management, international relations, and public health policy. Learn by mapping outbreaks to countries and timelines from credible sources.

📚 Reading List :
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 17: Contemporary Issues > Epidemics > p. 37
  • Contemporary World Politics, Textbook in political science for Class XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Security in the Contemporary World > Security in the Contemporary World 75 > p. 75
🔗 Anchor: "Were Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia frequently mentioned in news reports abou..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Climate and environmental drivers of disease outbreaks
💡 The insight

One reference connects extremes in climate (melting cryosphere, heat/cold, wet/dry extremes) to increased outbreaks of diseases including Ebola.

Questions increasingly link climate change to health risks; understanding the environmental drivers of infectious disease outbreaks is high-yield for geography, environment and disaster-management themes. Prepare by studying cause–effect linkages and examples where environment influenced disease spread.

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 12: Major Crops and Cropping Patterns in India > 2. Spread of Tropical Diseases > p. 74
🔗 Anchor: "Were Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia frequently mentioned in news reports abou..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Regional grouping of West African countries in socioeconomic contexts
💡 The insight

Country lists in references group Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone together (e.g., producer/region listings), showing they are commonly mentioned as a regional set.

Recognising common regional groupings (economic, agricultural, epidemiological) helps quickly eliminate options and contextualise policy/aid questions in the exam. Practice by reviewing regional country lists across themes (economy, health, environment).

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 12: Major Crops and Cropping Patterns in India > Groundnuts or Peanut (Arachis hypogoea) and Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) > p. 33
🔗 Anchor: "Were Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia frequently mentioned in news reports abou..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S3
👉 Geographic focus of the 2014–2016 Ebola outbreak
💡 The insight

References explicitly identify Ebola fever as a West Africa event (Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia) rather than involving Pacific nations.

UPSC questions often ask which regions were affected by major epidemics; mastering the primary geographic locus prevents incorrect attribution of impact to unrelated countries. This links to disaster geography, disease ecology, and international health responses—practice by mapping major outbreaks and noting precise affected countries.

📚 Reading List :
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 17: Contemporary Issues > Epidemics > p. 37
  • Contemporary World Politics, Textbook in political science for Class XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Security in the Contemporary World > Security in the Contemporary World 75 > p. 75
🔗 Anchor: "Were the Philippines and Papua New Guinea frequently mentioned in news reports a..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S3
👉 Do country mentions equal outbreak relevance?
💡 The insight

Papua New Guinea and the Philippines appear in other topical lists (e.g., coalitions, plantation producers, tsunami history) in the references, showing mentions can be contextually unrelated to Ebola coverage.

High-yield skill: distinguish incidental country mentions in thematic lists from being subjects of a particular event. UPSC often tests ability to separate contextual lists from event-specific involvement—train by cross-checking the context of country listings in source excerpts.

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 29: Environment Issues and Health Effects > Coalition for Rainforest Nations > p. 426
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 10: Locational Factors of Economic Activities > Plantation agriculture > p. 17
🔗 Anchor: "Were the Philippines and Papua New Guinea frequently mentioned in news reports a..."
🌑 The Hidden Trap

The 'Mano River Union'. Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia form this intergovernmental economic union. UPSC loves asking about regional groupings that share borders and crises.

⚡ Elimination Cheat Code

Use the 'Contiguity Heuristic'. Epidemics spread fastest across land borders. Look at the options: (A) Middle East, (C) Islands separated by ocean, (D) Caribbean Islands. Only (B) represents a tight, contiguous land cluster where a virus could easily cross borders via road travel.

🔗 Mains Connection

Mains GS-2 (International Institutions): This specific outbreak exposed the slowness of the WHO, leading to the creation of the 'WHO Health Emergencies Programme'. Use this as a case study for 'Reforms in UN bodies'.

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SIMILAR QUESTIONS

IAS · 2009 · Q44 Relevance score: -0.77

Elephant Pass, which is frequently in the news, is mentioned in the context of the affairs of which one of the following ?

IAS · 2023 · Q93 Relevance score: -3.43

Consider the following pairs: | Regions often mentioned in news | Reason for being in news | | ------------------------------- | ---------------------------------- | | 1. North Kivu and Ituri | War between Armenia and Azerbaijan | | 2. Nagorno-Karabakh | Insurgency in Mozambique | | 3. Kherson and Zaporizhzhia | Dispute between Israel and Lebanon | How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

CDS-II · 2022 · Q113 Relevance score: -3.58

The regions known as Donetsk and Luhansk are sometimes mentioned in the news. They are the separatist regions of

CAPF · 2022 · Q74 Relevance score: -3.88

Mariupol city, frequently mentioned in news in the context of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, is situated on the coast of