Question map
Among the following, which were frequently mentioned in the news for the outbreak of Ebola virus recently?
Explanation
The West African Ebola epidemic swept through Guinea,[1] Sierra Leone and Liberia. Of these countries, Liberia was reported by many organizations as the most severely affected.[1] There were 20,721 EVD cases in total: 2,775 in Guinea, 8,157 in Liberia, and 9,789 in Sierra Leone.[2] These three countries formed the core of the outbreak and were frequently mentioned in news reports during 2014-2016, particularly in 2015 when the epidemic was at its peak. The epidemic was initially located in the[3] West Africa region, and while there were isolated cases in other countries like Spain, the United States, United Kingdom, and Italy, the primary focus of international attention and news coverage remained on Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia as the epicenter of the crisis.
Sources- [1] https://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/423511560254844269/pdf/Impact-of-the-West-African-Ebola-Epidemic-on-Agricultural-Production-and-Rural-Welfare-Evidence-from-Liberia.pdf
- [2] https://www.undp.org/publications/undps-policy-notes-economic-impact-ebola-virus-guinea-liberia-and-sierra-leone
- [3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic_timeline
PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
Full viewThis is a classic 'Headline Geography' question. It is extremely fair because the 2014-16 Ebola crisis was the dominant global news story of the year. The lesson is simple: When a crisis hits, do not just read the story—open your Atlas and memorize the specific cluster of affected countries.
This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.
- Statement 1: Were Syria and Jordan frequently mentioned in news reports about the 2014–2016 West Africa Ebola virus outbreak (news coverage in 2015)?
- Statement 2: Were Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia frequently mentioned in news reports about the 2014–2016 West Africa Ebola virus outbreak (news coverage in 2015)?
- Statement 3: Were the Philippines and Papua New Guinea frequently mentioned in news reports about the 2014–2016 West Africa Ebola virus outbreak (news coverage in 2015)?
- Statement 4: Were Jamaica, Haiti, and Surinam frequently mentioned in news reports about the 2014–2016 West Africa Ebola virus outbreak (news coverage in 2015)?
- Identifies the primary location of the epidemic as the West Africa region, implying coverage focused on West African countries.
- No mention of Syria or Jordan in the listed location summary, suggesting they were not frequent topics in outbreak reports.
- Lists other countries discussed in coverage (Spain, United States, United Kingdom, Italy), showing which non–West African countries were mentioned.
- Syria and Jordan do not appear among the countries cited, indicating they were not frequently mentioned.
This snippet explicitly describes the West Africa Ebola outbreak and lists the primarily affected West African countries, indicating news focus on those locales.
A student could use this to argue news coverage likely concentrated on West African countries (Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia) rather than distant Middle Eastern states like Syria and Jordan, and then check 2015 news archives for mention frequency.
This snippet highlights large-scale displacement and migration involving Syria, showing Syria is discussed in contexts (refugees, displacement) that can be cross-referenced with epidemic reporting.
A student could test whether epidemic coverage linked Ebola to refugee/migration topics involving Syria by searching 2015 reports for combined keywords (Ebola + refugees/Syria).
This snippet shows Syria and Jordan are often mentioned together in news about regional resource/conflict issues, demonstrating they appear in international reporting on Middle Eastern topics.
A student might extend this pattern to ask if Syria/Jordan appear in global health reporting similarly, then compare counts of Middle East vs West Africa mentions in 2015 Ebola coverage.
This geographic snippet connects northern Syria to East Africa via the Great Rift Valley, suggesting potential geographic narratives that link the Middle East and Africa in some accounts.
A student could examine whether such geographic-link narratives caused journalists to mention Syria in pan-regional Ebola stories by checking geographic framing in 2015 articles.
This snippet lists Jordan among countries suffering desertification, indicating Jordan is present in environmental/development reporting that might sometimes intersect with global health discourse.
A student could search whether environmental vulnerability pieces in 2015 linked Jordan to Ebola discussions (e.g., concern about disease spread in fragile states) to assess mention frequency.
- Explicitly identifies the three countries as the primary affected countries of the 2014–2015 epidemic.
- Says Liberia 'was reported by many organizations as the most severely affected,' indicating frequent reporting about these countries.
- Provides detailed case counts for the three countries with data dated in early January 2015.
- Showing these specific country counts demonstrates they were central to reporting and monitoring in 2015.
- World Bank press release quantifies expected forgone GDP in 2015 specifically for Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone.
- Explicit 2015 economic impact figures indicate these three countries were focal points of coverage and analysis that year.
Explicitly names 'Ebola fever in West Africa (Guinea, Sierra-Leone, Libara, etc.)', linking those countries to an Ebola outbreak.
A student could infer these country names were the canonical West African locations for Ebola and then check 2015 news archives to see if reporting repeatedly mentioned them.
Lists Ebola virus among 'new and poorly understood diseases' disproportionately affecting Africa, establishing a pattern of Africa-focused coverage for such diseases.
Use this pattern to expect Africa—and by extension its affected countries—to be frequent subjects in disease news; verify by sampling 2015 news stories for country mentions.
States Ebola fever as an example of diseases likely to increase with global changes, framing Ebola as a notable public-health topic.
Treat Ebola as a high-profile disease likely to generate sustained media attention; then check 2015 media frequency for the specific West African countries named elsewhere.
Groups Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone together in a list of countries (groundnut producers), showing these countries are often mentioned as a West African set.
Because news stories often refer to regional groupings, a student could expect media reports on a West African epidemic to repeatedly name the same cluster of countries and confirm via 2015 news searches.
Includes Liberia and Sierra Leone in an international-country list, indicating they appear regularly in multi-country listings and databases.
Use the tendency of these countries to appear in lists to hypothesize frequent mention in contextual reporting (e.g., outbreak summaries) and test with 2015 news datasets.
- Lists specific countries mentioned in coverage (Spain, United States, United Kingdom, Italy) — shows which non‑West African countries were noted.
- The excerpt enumerates affected/mentioned countries but does not include the Philippines or Papua New Guinea, indicating they were not highlighted in these reports.
- Shows the outbreak context by listing directly affected countries (Guinea, Liberia, Mali) and related timeline items.
- The passage focuses on West African countries and response links; it does not mention the Philippines or Papua New Guinea, implying they were not frequently covered.
Explicitly locates the Ebola fever outbreak in West Africa (Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia), implying primary news focus was on West African countries.
A student could infer that news coverage would concentrate on the listed West African countries rather than distant Pacific countries like the Philippines or Papua New Guinea, and then check 2015 news archives for frequency by country.
States Ebola fever as a disease likely to increase with climatic changes alongside other tropical diseases, treating Ebola as a disease associated with certain regions.
Use the regional association to compare expected media mentions: if Ebola is tied to West/Central Africa, expect fewer mentions of Pacific countries unless they had direct cases or policy links; verify by searching 2015 coverage for mentions of Philippines/PNG.
Explains modern media rapidly transmits global developments, so distant countries can appear in coverage if there is direct relevance (cases, aid, travel bans).
A student could use this rule to justify checking whether Philippines/PNG had direct ties (cases, evacuees, policy responses) that would generate frequent mentions despite distance.
Lists Papua New Guinea among members of an international Coalition for Rainforest Nations, showing PNG appears in global policy lists distinct from West Africa.
A student might infer PNG is more often discussed in environmental/policy contexts, so to judge its frequency in Ebola news one should look for crossover reasons (e.g., policy responses or international aid) in 2015 reports.
Groups Philippines and New Guinea-Papua together in a list of plantation-producing countries, demonstrating these countries commonly appear in economic/geographic lists rather than in West African disease contexts.
A student can use this to hypothesise that routine reportage about these countries is often economic/geographic in nature; to test the statement they should examine 2015 Ebola headlines for whether mentions of these countries were frequent or exceptional.
Explicitly identifies the Ebola fever outbreak as occurring in West Africa (Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia etc.), establishing geographic concentration of the epidemic.
A student could use this geographic focus + a world map to infer news coverage would likely center on West African countries rather than distant Caribbean states.
States Ebola fever among diseases tied to climate and tropical spread, treating it as a disease primarily associated with certain regions (context: tropical/Africa).
Combine this with knowledge that Jamaica, Haiti, Suriname are in the Caribbean/South America to judge whether they were central to Ebola reporting.
Describes infectious disease dynamics (e.g., HIV/AIDS) spreading in Africa and other regions, highlighting how epidemics are often geographically concentrated and reported accordingly.
Use the pattern that major epidemics' media attention tracks affected regions to assess likelihood of frequent mentions of Caribbean countries in Ebola coverage.
Lists Jamaica and Suriname as members of an international grouping (Coalition for Rainforest Nations), showing these countries do appear in international policy lists and can be mentioned in global contexts.
A student might extend this by checking whether international responses to Ebola involved such coalitions or whether these countries were referenced in reporting about global coordination.
Provides background showing Haiti as a historically notable Caribbean country (Saint-Domingue), indicating Haiti is a frequent subject of international news for non-Ebola reasons.
Distinguish routine newsworthiness of Haiti from specific linkage to West African Ebola—use this to judge whether Haiti would be frequently mentioned specifically in Ebola reports.
- [THE VERDICT]: Sitter. This was the 'Event of the Year' in 2014-15. If you missed this, you were not reading the newspaper.
- [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: Current Affairs > Global Health Crises > Mapping the 'Ground Zero'.
- [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize the 'Disease-Region' pairs: MERS (Middle East/Saudi Arabia), Zika (Brazil/Latin America), Nipah (Kerala/Malaysia), Mpox (DRC/Central Africa). Also, map the capitals of the Ebola trio: Conakry (Guinea), Freetown (Sierra Leone), Monrovia (Liberia).
- [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Do not stop at 'Ebola is in Africa.' UPSC demands the specific sub-region. Always identify the 'Core Cluster' of countries for any ongoing war, epidemic, or disaster (e.g., for Ukraine: Donbas, Crimea, Zaporizhzhia).
References explicitly locate Ebola fever in West Africa (Guinea, Sierra Leone, etc.), showing the outbreak's regional focus rather than the Middle East.
High-yield for UPSC: distinguishing the primary affected countries in major epidemics is often tested in geography/disaster-management contexts and helps answer source-based questions. Connects to topics on disease geography, public health response, and international assistance. Master by mapping outbreaks to regions and memorising principal affected states and timelines from authoritative sources.
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 17: Contemporary Issues > Epidemics > p. 37
- Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 12: Major Crops and Cropping Patterns in India > 2. Spread of Tropical Diseases > p. 74
Several references mention Syria and Jordan in non-epidemic contexts (water conflicts, physical geography, desertification), indicating these countries are discussed for other regional issues, not the West Africa Ebola outbreak.
UPS C candidates must avoid false associations between regions/topics in source-based questions. This concept helps eliminate distractors by checking whether cited countries appear in the same thematic context. Prepare by practicing source discrimination (identify topic, region, and context) and cross-referencing references with maps and timelines.
- Contemporary World Politics, Textbook in political science for Class XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 6: Environment and Natural Resources > Environment and Natural Resources 95 > p. 95
- Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 9: Divergent Boundary > 9.2. The Great Rift Valley > p. 129
- Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 6: Environmental Degradation and Management > dESErtIfIcatIon or dESErtISatIon. > p. 17
References explicitly list Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia as part of 'Ebola fever in West Africa', linking these countries to the outbreak context.
UPSC questions on contemporary health crises often require identification of epicentres and affected states; mastering which countries were central to high-profile outbreaks (and being able to locate them regionally) helps answer questions in disaster management, international relations, and public health policy. Learn by mapping outbreaks to countries and timelines from credible sources.
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 17: Contemporary Issues > Epidemics > p. 37
- Contemporary World Politics, Textbook in political science for Class XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Security in the Contemporary World > Security in the Contemporary World 75 > p. 75
One reference connects extremes in climate (melting cryosphere, heat/cold, wet/dry extremes) to increased outbreaks of diseases including Ebola.
Questions increasingly link climate change to health risks; understanding the environmental drivers of infectious disease outbreaks is high-yield for geography, environment and disaster-management themes. Prepare by studying cause–effect linkages and examples where environment influenced disease spread.
- Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 12: Major Crops and Cropping Patterns in India > 2. Spread of Tropical Diseases > p. 74
Country lists in references group Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone together (e.g., producer/region listings), showing they are commonly mentioned as a regional set.
Recognising common regional groupings (economic, agricultural, epidemiological) helps quickly eliminate options and contextualise policy/aid questions in the exam. Practice by reviewing regional country lists across themes (economy, health, environment).
- Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 12: Major Crops and Cropping Patterns in India > Groundnuts or Peanut (Arachis hypogoea) and Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) > p. 33
References explicitly identify Ebola fever as a West Africa event (Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia) rather than involving Pacific nations.
UPSC questions often ask which regions were affected by major epidemics; mastering the primary geographic locus prevents incorrect attribution of impact to unrelated countries. This links to disaster geography, disease ecology, and international health responses—practice by mapping major outbreaks and noting precise affected countries.
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 17: Contemporary Issues > Epidemics > p. 37
- Contemporary World Politics, Textbook in political science for Class XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Security in the Contemporary World > Security in the Contemporary World 75 > p. 75
Papua New Guinea and the Philippines appear in other topical lists (e.g., coalitions, plantation producers, tsunami history) in the references, showing mentions can be contextually unrelated to Ebola coverage.
High-yield skill: distinguish incidental country mentions in thematic lists from being subjects of a particular event. UPSC often tests ability to separate contextual lists from event-specific involvement—train by cross-checking the context of country listings in source excerpts.
- Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 29: Environment Issues and Health Effects > Coalition for Rainforest Nations > p. 426
- Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 10: Locational Factors of Economic Activities > Plantation agriculture > p. 17
The 'Mano River Union'. Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia form this intergovernmental economic union. UPSC loves asking about regional groupings that share borders and crises.
Use the 'Contiguity Heuristic'. Epidemics spread fastest across land borders. Look at the options: (A) Middle East, (C) Islands separated by ocean, (D) Caribbean Islands. Only (B) represents a tight, contiguous land cluster where a virus could easily cross borders via road travel.
Mains GS-2 (International Institutions): This specific outbreak exposed the slowness of the WHO, leading to the creation of the 'WHO Health Emergencies Programme'. Use this as a case study for 'Reforms in UN bodies'.