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Q13 (IAS/2016) Environment & Ecology › Climate Change & Global Initiatives › Multilateral environmental agreements Official Key

What is/are the importance/importances of the .'United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification? 1. It aims to promote effective action through innovative national programmes and supportive international partnerships. 2. It has a special/particular focus on South Asia and North Africa regions, and its Secretariat facilitates the allocation of major portion of financial resources to these regions. 3. It is committed to bottom-up approach, encouraging the participation of local people in combating the desertification. Select the correct answer using the code given below,

Result
Your answer: —  ·  Correct: C
Explanation

The correct answer is option C (statements 1 and 3 only).

UNCCD, established in 1994, is the sole legally binding international agreement linking environment and development to sustainable land management[1], which supports statement 1's claim about promoting effective action through innovative programmes and partnerships. The UNCCD is particularly committed to a bottom-up approach, encouraging the participation of local people in combating desertification and land degradation[1], which directly validates statement 3.

However, statement 2 is incorrect. The UNCCD does not have a special focus exclusively on South Asia and North Africa regions, nor does its Secretariat allocate a major portion of financial resources specifically to these regions. The UNCCD is one of the Rio Conventions that focuses on desertification, land degradation and drought (DLDD)[1] globally, without regional preferential allocation. The convention has a universal approach rather than being region-specific in its resource allocation mechanism.

Therefore, only statements 1 and 3 are correct, making option C the right answer.

Sources
  1. [1] Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 28: International Organisation and Conventions > 28.17. UNCCD > p. 407
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Don’t just practise – reverse-engineer the question. This panel shows where this PYQ came from (books / web), how the examiner broke it into hidden statements, and which nearby micro-concepts you were supposed to learn from it. Treat it like an autopsy of the question: what might have triggered it, which exact lines in the book matter, and what linked ideas you should carry forward to future questions.
Q. What is/are the importance/importances of the .'United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification? 1. It aims to promote effective act…
At a glance
Origin: Books + Current Affairs Fairness: Moderate fairness Books / CA: 5/10 · 2.5/10
Statement 1
Does the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) aim to promote effective action through innovative national programmes and supportive international partnerships?
Origin: Direct from books Fairness: Straightforward Book-answerable
From standard books
Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 3: Terrestrial Ecosystems > Control measures > p. 31
Presence: 5/5
“India is a signatory to United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). The National Action Programme for combating desertification was prepared in zoo to take appropriate action in addressing the problems of desertification. Some of the major programmes currently implemented that address issues related to land degradation and desertification are • Integrated Watershed Management Programme• National Afforestation Programme• National Missbn for Green india It tilr-/ • The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme • Soil Conservation in the Catchment of River Valley Project and Flood Prone River • National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas • Desert Development Programme • Fodder and Feed Development Scheme - component of Grassland Development including Grass Reserves; Command Area Development and Water Management programme etc.”
Why this source?
  • Explicitly notes India prepared a National Action Programme (NAP) under UNCCD to take appropriate action against desertification.
  • Lists major national programmes implemented that address land degradation, demonstrating the Convention’s focus on national-level programme implementation.
Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 28: International Organisation and Conventions > 28.17. UNCCD > p. 407
Presence: 4/5
“• o Established in 1994, UNCCD is the sole legally binding international agreement linking environment and development to sustainable land management. • o The UNCCD is particularly committed to a bottom-up approach, encouraging the participation of local people in combating desertification and land degradation. • r The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) is one of the Rio Conventions that focuses on desertification, land degradation and drought (DLDD).”
Why this source?
  • States UNCCD is a legally binding convention linking environment and development and is committed to a bottom-up approach.
  • Emphasises participation of local people, supporting the idea of promoting effective action through national/local programmes.
Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 29: Environment Issues and Health Effects > Rio Conventinns > p. 427
Presence: 4/5
“• Three environment conventions, two of which were adopted at the 1992 "Earth Summit" in Rio de Janeiro: the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and the Convention on Biodiversity (CBD), while the third, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), was adopted in 1994. The issues addressed by the three treaties are related -- in particular, climate change can have adverse effects on desertification and biodiversity -- and through a Joint Liaison Group, the secretariats of the three conventions take steps to coordinate activities to achieve common progress.”
Why this source?
  • Describes coordination between the three Rio Conventions and a Joint Liaison Group, indicating supportive international cooperation among convention secretariats.
  • Shows mechanisms for coordinated international action, consistent with 'supportive international partnerships.'
Statement 2
Does the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) have a particular focus on South Asia and North Africa regions?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 3/5
"UNCCD. (2020). Global Land Outlook, Second Edition. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification."
Why this source?
  • Mentions a UNCCD global publication ('Global Land Outlook, Second Edition'), indicating a global scope rather than a specific regional focus.
  • Refers to drought and global drought-related losses launched at UNCCD COP16, implying broad/global concern.
Web source
Presence: 2/5
"United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)"
Why this source?
  • Lists the UNCCD among many UN bodies, presenting it as a global United Nations convention rather than one targeted to particular regions.
  • No mention in the list of a special focus on South Asia or North Africa.
Web source
Presence: 2/5
"Desertification: a visual synthesis. Bonn, United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)."
Why this source?
  • Contains multiple UNCCD publications and thematic materials (e.g., 'Desertification: a visual synthesis', 'World atlas of desertification'), reflecting broad thematic outputs rather than a stated regional emphasis.
  • Passage lists global UNCCD outputs but does not single out South Asia or North Africa as a particular focus.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 28: International Organisation and Conventions > 28.17. UNCCD > p. 407
Strength: 4/5
“• o Established in 1994, UNCCD is the sole legally binding international agreement linking environment and development to sustainable land management. • o The UNCCD is particularly committed to a bottom-up approach, encouraging the participation of local people in combating desertification and land degradation. • r The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) is one of the Rio Conventions that focuses on desertification, land degradation and drought (DLDD).”
Why relevant

Defines UNCCD as the convention that focuses on desertification, land degradation and drought (DLDD), and emphasizes bottom-up/local participation.

How to extend

A student could combine this with the fact that South Asia and North Africa contain large arid/semi-arid areas to infer those regions are natural targets for UNCCD activity.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 28: International Organisation and Conventions > UNCCD COP r4 > p. 408
Strength: 4/5
“• The 4th Conference of the Parties to the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD COP 4) convened in New Delhi, India, September 2019. • The adopted decisions included guidance on how to implement four thematic policy frameworks approved at the last COP, addressing drought, gender, sand and dust storms, as well as desertification, land degradation and drought (DLDD) as a driver for migration,• The COP also agreed to include land tenure as a new thematic area under the Convention.”
Why relevant

Records that UNCCD COP4 convened in New Delhi, India, indicating high-level UNCCD engagement in South Asia.

How to extend

A student might take the location of major COP meetings as a proxy for regional emphasis and check other COP locations or regional programmes to test focus.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 6: Environmental Degradation and Management > dESErtIfIcatIon or dESErtISatIon. > p. 16
Strength: 5/5
“Tough the Convention to Combat Desertifcation (CCD) defnition includes possible multiple causes for desertifcation, it is undoubtedly the case that the principal agent of degradation is human actions. Te regions of severe desertifcation of arid-lands have been shown in Fig. 6.6. Te spatial patterns of desertifcation show that the tropical and sub-tropical lands are more prone to desertifcation. According to an estimate made by the United Nations, about 40 per cent of the African continent's non-desert land is in danger of desert. Nearly 33 per cent of Asia's land and about 20 per cent of Latin America's land are similarly endangered.”
Why relevant

Gives regional vulnerability statistics: about 40% of Africa's non-desert land and 33% of Asia's land are endangered by desertification.

How to extend

Combining these proportions with a map showing North Africa as largely arid and South Asia containing extensive dryland (e.g., Thar, arid zones of Pakistan/India) would support suspecting particular UNCCD concern for those regions.

Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 11: Irrigation in India > Desertification and Land Degradation Atlas > p. 371
Strength: 4/5
“• India is a signatory to the United Nations Convention on Combating Desertification (UNCCD) and is committed to combat desertification and land degradation, and even intends to achieve neutral status of land degradation by 2030.”
Why relevant

States India is a signatory and committed to UNCCD goals, including a national action programme toward land degradation neutrality.

How to extend

A student could infer South Asia engagement from active national commitments (e.g., India) and then compare other North African countries' participation to judge regional focus.

Statement 3
Does the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) Secretariat facilitate allocation of the major portion of the convention's financial resources to South Asia and North Africa?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 6: Environmental Degradation and Management > dESErtIfIcatIon or dESErtISatIon. > p. 16
Strength: 5/5
“Tough the Convention to Combat Desertifcation (CCD) defnition includes possible multiple causes for desertifcation, it is undoubtedly the case that the principal agent of degradation is human actions. Te regions of severe desertifcation of arid-lands have been shown in Fig. 6.6. Te spatial patterns of desertifcation show that the tropical and sub-tropical lands are more prone to desertifcation. According to an estimate made by the United Nations, about 40 per cent of the African continent's non-desert land is in danger of desert. Nearly 33 per cent of Asia's land and about 20 per cent of Latin America's land are similarly endangered.”
Why relevant

Gives spatial pattern of desertification risk, noting a large portion of Africa and Asia (33% of Asia, 40% of Africa's non-desert land) are endangered.

How to extend

A student could use these regional risk patterns plus typical donor/secretariat targeting logic to suspect that regions with higher at‑risk land (North Africa, South Asia) might receive significant funding.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 8: Natural Hazards and Disaster Management > 8.62 Environment and Ecology > p. 69
Strength: 5/5
“Desertifcation afects the livelihoods of millions of people, including the large proportion of poor people in arid and semi-arid regions. Te United Nations Convention to Combat Desertifcation (UNCCD) defnes desertifcation as: "land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas resulting from various factors, including climatic variations and human activities." Tere are about two billion people living in the deserts and semi-desert areas of the world. Continuous drought conditions may change the nature of dry-land ecosystem. Prolonged droughts cause desertifcation and spread of deserts in the adjacent areas. • 6. Soil erosion: In a drought year the extreme dry conditions may accelerate the rate of erosion in the afected arid and semi-arid regions.• 7.”
Why relevant

Defines UNCCD scope (land degradation in arid/semi‑arid/dry sub‑humid areas) and cites scale (about two billion people in desert/semi‑desert areas).

How to extend

Knowing which regions have large dryland populations (e.g., North Africa, South Asia), a student could infer those regions are plausible priorities for finance allocation.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 28: International Organisation and Conventions > UNCCD COP r4 > p. 408
Strength: 4/5
“• The 4th Conference of the Parties to the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD COP 4) convened in New Delhi, India, September 2019. • The adopted decisions included guidance on how to implement four thematic policy frameworks approved at the last COP, addressing drought, gender, sand and dust storms, as well as desertification, land degradation and drought (DLDD) as a driver for migration,• The COP also agreed to include land tenure as a new thematic area under the Convention.”
Why relevant

Notes COP‑4 convened in New Delhi and adopted thematic guidance relevant to drought, land tenure and DLDD — indicating active engagement with South Asia concerns.

How to extend

A student could treat hosting of COP and region‑specific decisions as an indicator that South Asia is a focus for programmatic/financial activity, meriting investigation of funding shares.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 28: International Organisation and Conventions > 28.17. UNCCD > p. 407
Strength: 3/5
“• o Established in 1994, UNCCD is the sole legally binding international agreement linking environment and development to sustainable land management. • o The UNCCD is particularly committed to a bottom-up approach, encouraging the participation of local people in combating desertification and land degradation. • r The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) is one of the Rio Conventions that focuses on desertification, land degradation and drought (DLDD).”
Why relevant

States UNCCD is committed to a bottom‑up approach and links environment and development to sustainable land management.

How to extend

From this rule, a student could expect funding to be directed where local land‑management needs are greatest — cross‑checking which regions have strong local DLDD needs (e.g., North Africa, South Asia) could inform expectations about allocations.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 29: Environment Issues and Health Effects > Rio Conventinns > p. 427
Strength: 2/5
“• Three environment conventions, two of which were adopted at the 1992 "Earth Summit" in Rio de Janeiro: the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and the Convention on Biodiversity (CBD), while the third, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), was adopted in 1994. The issues addressed by the three treaties are related -- in particular, climate change can have adverse effects on desertification and biodiversity -- and through a Joint Liaison Group, the secretariats of the three conventions take steps to coordinate activities to achieve common progress.”
Why relevant

Explains the UNCCD is one of three Rio Conventions and that their secretariats coordinate via a Joint Liaison Group.

How to extend

A student might infer that coordinated priorities across conventions (e.g., on climate and desertification hotspots) could shape funding emphasis regionally, so comparing hotspot regions across conventions could indicate likely funding targets.

Statement 4
Does the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) adopt a bottom-up approach that encourages participation of local communities in combating desertification?
Origin: Direct from books Fairness: Straightforward Book-answerable
From standard books
Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 28: International Organisation and Conventions > 28.17. UNCCD > p. 407
Presence: 5/5
“• o Established in 1994, UNCCD is the sole legally binding international agreement linking environment and development to sustainable land management. • o The UNCCD is particularly committed to a bottom-up approach, encouraging the participation of local people in combating desertification and land degradation. • r The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) is one of the Rio Conventions that focuses on desertification, land degradation and drought (DLDD).”
Why this source?
  • Snippet explicitly states the UNCCD is 'particularly committed to a bottom-up approach'.
  • The same snippet explicitly mentions 'encouraging the participation of local people' in combating desertification and land degradation.
Pattern takeaway: UPSC creates trap statements by mixing 'Partial Truths' with 'Administrative Exaggerations'. Statement 2 mentions specific regions (South Asia/North Africa) which *are* affected, but claims the Secretariat allocates the 'major portion' of funds there. UN Secretariats rarely control fund allocation directly (that's usually the GEF or specific funds), and they never exclude Sub-Saharan Africa (the Sahel), which is the actual primary focus.
How you should have studied
  1. [THE VERDICT]: Sitter. Statements 1 and 3 are direct lifts from the 'UNCCD' chapter in Shankar IAS (Page 407, 10th Ed).
  2. [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: The 'Rio Trio' (UNFCCC, CBD, UNCCD). You must know the unique operational philosophy of each.
  3. [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize the 5 Regional Annexes of UNCCD (Africa, Asia, Latin America, N. Mediterranean, C&E Europe); The Global Environment Facility (GEF) as its financial mechanism; The 'Land Degradation Neutrality' (LDN) goal (SDG 15.3); The Bonn Challenge; The Great Green Wall initiative.
  4. [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Focus on the 'Methodology' of the organization. UNFCCC is often top-down (targets/NDCs), while UNCCD is explicitly 'bottom-up' (community-led). This single keyword solves Statement 3 instantly.
Concept hooks from this question
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 National Action Programmes (NAPs) under UNCCD
💡 The insight

The references show UNCCD implementation includes country-level National Action Programmes to combat desertification and land degradation.

High-yield for UPSC because questions often ask about international conventions' implementation mechanisms; links to policy measures like watershed, afforestation and desert development programmes. Learn by mapping convention goals to national programmes and examples (e.g., India’s NAP).

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 3: Terrestrial Ecosystems > Control measures > p. 31
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 28: International Organisation and Conventions > 28.17. UNCCD > p. 407
🔗 Anchor: "Does the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) aim to prom..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 UNCCD as a Rio Convention addressing DLDD
💡 The insight

Sources identify UNCCD among the Rio Conventions and specify its focus on desertification, land degradation and drought (DLDD).

Important for conceptual clarity in environment papers and GS mains/CSAT linkage questions; helps distinguish mandates of UNFCCC, CBD and UNCCD. Study comparative mandates and cross-cutting issues (climate, biodiversity, land).

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 28: International Organisation and Conventions > 28.17. UNCCD > p. 407
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 29: Environment Issues and Health Effects > Rio Conventinns > p. 427
🔗 Anchor: "Does the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) aim to prom..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Inter-convention coordination & international partnerships
💡 The insight

Evidence cites a Joint Liaison Group and coordinated secretariat activities, indicating the Convention works via international cooperation.

Valuable for questions on global governance and multilateral cooperation; explains how international partnerships support national action. Prepare by reviewing institutional mechanisms (JOINT bodies, COP outcomes) and examples of cooperative frameworks.

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 29: Environment Issues and Health Effects > Rio Conventinns > p. 427
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 28: International Organisation and Conventions > UNCCD COP r4 > p. 408
🔗 Anchor: "Does the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) aim to prom..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 UNCCD as one of the Rio Conventions
💡 The insight

Several references identify the UNCCD alongside UNFCCC and CBD as a Rio Convention, situating it within the global treaty framework relevant to desertification issues.

High-yield for UPSC: questions often ask to distinguish international environmental treaties, their scopes, and institutional linkages. Knowing UNCCD's placement among the Rio Conventions helps answer comparative and policy coordination questions (e.g., Joint Liaison Group). Learn by mapping conventions, adoption years, and core mandates.

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 28: International Organisation and Conventions > 28.17. UNCCD > p. 407
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 29: Environment Issues and Health Effects > Rio Conventinns > p. 427
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 24: Climate Change Organizations > 1992 "l > p. 321
🔗 Anchor: "Does the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) have a part..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Geographic distribution and hotspots of desertification (Africa & Asia)
💡 The insight

Evidence gives regional vulnerability data (large shares of Africa and Asia at risk) and emphasizes dryland impacts, which is central to understanding where desertification is concentrated.

Frequent UPSC angle: linking physical geography (drylands, arid/semi-arid) with socio-economic impacts. Useful for questions on regional vulnerability, policy prioritisation, and linking environmental causes to specific regions. Revise statistics/regions from sources and practice map-based questions.

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 6: Environmental Degradation and Management > dESErtIfIcatIon or dESErtISatIon. > p. 16
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 15: Regional Development and Planning > Desertification and Desert Development Programme > p. 44
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 8: Natural Hazards and Disaster Management > 8.62 Environment and Ecology > p. 69
🔗 Anchor: "Does the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) have a part..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 National commitments and implementation (India as signatory; national programmes; COP hosting)
💡 The insight

References show India is a signatory, has national action programmes, and hosted a UNCCD COP, illustrating national-level engagement and implementation mechanisms under the convention.

Important for UPSC mains/GS: connects international treaties to domestic policy (NAPs, watershed/afforestation programs) and multilateral processes (COP decisions). Study country-level commitments, key national schemes, and outcomes of major COPs to answer policy and governance questions.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 11: Irrigation in India > Desertification and Land Degradation Atlas > p. 371
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 28: International Organisation and Conventions > UNCCD COP r4 > p. 408
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 3: Terrestrial Ecosystems > Control measures > p. 31
🔗 Anchor: "Does the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) have a part..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S3
👉 UNCCD as one of the Rio Conventions
💡 The insight

Several references identify the UNCCD as one of the three Rio Conventions, providing institutional context for questions about its mandate and resourcing.

Knowing UNCCD's status among the Rio Conventions helps aspirants link its goals and coordination mechanisms with CBD and UNFCCC; this is frequently tested in environment governance questions and helps answer comparative/coordination questions. Prepare by revising the three Rio Conventions, their mandates, and inter-secretariat coordination.

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 28: International Organisation and Conventions > 28.17. UNCCD > p. 407
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 29: Environment Issues and Health Effects > Rio Conventinns > p. 427
  • Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 21: Sustainable Development and Climate Change > THE EARTH SUMMIT > p. 597
🔗 Anchor: "Does the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) Secretariat..."
🌑 The Hidden Trap

The 'Land Degradation Neutrality Fund' (LDN Fund). Unlike the general GEF funding, this is a unique impact investment fund linked to UNCCD to support sustainable land management. Also, know the 'Delhi Declaration' from COP14 (2019) held in India.

⚡ Elimination Cheat Code

The 'Geographic Exclusion' Logic. Statement 2 claims a special focus on 'South Asia and North Africa'. This conspicuously excludes 'Sub-Saharan Africa' (The Sahel), which is the global poster child for desertification. A UN convention on desertification would NEVER prioritize North Africa/South Asia over the Sahel. Thus, Statement 2 is false.

🔗 Mains Connection

Link UNCCD to GS3 Internal Security & Economy: Desertification triggers 'Climate Migration' (distress migration from rural to urban areas), fueling urbanization stress and potential conflict over resources (Water Wars).

✓ Thank you! We'll review this.

SIMILAR QUESTIONS

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Which of the following state- ments is/ are correct ? I. India is a signatory to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) 2. Ministry of Home Affairs is the nodal Ministry in the Government of India for the UNCCD. Select the correct answer using the code given below :

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The 'Ramsar Convention' relates to which one of the following areas?

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Which one of the following is the main objective of Vienna Convention and Montreal Protocol?