Question map
Who of the following had first deciphered the edicts of Emperor Ashoka?
Explanation
James Prinsep, a British archeologist and historian, decoded the edicts of Emperor Ashoka in 1837.[1] It was only after decades of painstaking investigations by several epigraphists that James Prinsep was able to decipher Asokan Brahmi in 1838.[2] The reconstruction of the Mauryan period to a great extent became possible only after the Brahmi script of the inscriptions at Sanchi was deciphered by James Prinsep in 1837.[3]
Prinsep's achievement was remarkable because the Brahmi script used in Ashoka's inscriptions had been unknown for centuries. His decipherment opened up a wealth of historical information about the Mauryan Empire and Emperor Ashoka's reign, including his dhamma policy and administrative practices. The other scholars mentioned—Georg Bühler, Max Müller, and William Jones—made important contributions to Indology, but none was the first to decipher Ashoka's edicts. This breakthrough in 1837-38 marked a turning point in understanding ancient Indian history.
Sources- [2] THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART I, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 2: Kings, Farmers and Towns > 7.1 Deciphering Brahmi > p. 46
- [3] History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Emergence of State and Empire > Sources > p. 47
PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
Full viewThis is a 'Sitter' category question derived directly from the first chapter of standard Ancient History textbooks (NCERT/TN Board). It tests the foundational milestone of Indian historiography. Missing this indicates a gap in reading the 'Introduction' or 'Sources' chapters of your history books.
This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.
- Statement 1: Was Georg Bühler the first scholar to decipher the edicts of Emperor Ashoka?
- Statement 2: Was James Prinsep the first scholar to decipher the edicts of Emperor Ashoka?
- Statement 3: Was Max Müller the first scholar to decipher the edicts of Emperor Ashoka?
- Statement 4: Was William Jones the first scholar to decipher the edicts of Emperor Ashoka?
- Explicitly names James Prinsep as the person who decoded Ashoka's edicts in 1837.
- By attributing the decoding to Prinsep, it refutes the claim that Georg Bühler was the first.
- States James Prinsep 'was the first to decipher edicts of Ashoka.'
- Specifies Prinsep deciphered the Brahmi script (year given as 1838), directly contradicting Georg Bühler being first.
- Identifies James Prinsep as the decipherer of Ashoka's edicts (1837) in a study/quiz context.
- Reinforces the consensus that Prinsep — not Georg Bühler — was the first to decode the inscriptions.
Says reconstruction of the Mauryan period became possible only after the Brahmi script of the inscriptions at Sanchi was deciphered by James Prinsep in 1837.
A student could check the chronological order of decipherment efforts (Prinsep 1837 vs Bühler) to see who worked first.
A quiz-style snippet explicitly credits James Prinsep with deciphering the Brahmi script in Ashoka's pillar inscriptions.
Use this attribution as a lead to compare Prinsep's published work and dates with any publications by Georg Bühler.
Notes that most of Ashoka's edicts were inscribed in Prakrit and written in the Brahmi script, implying that deciphering Brahmi was the key step to reading the edicts.
Knowing decipherment of Brahmi is pivotal, a student can investigate who first deciphered Brahmi and thus first made the edicts readable.
Describes the geographic spread and forms (rock/pillar) of Ashokan edicts, indicating multiple inscriptions existed requiring script-decipherment for decoding.
A student could correlate the locations and publication times of early transcriptions/decipherments to identify who first presented readable texts (Prinsep or Bühler).
- Explicitly states the Brahmi script of the inscriptions at Sanchi was deciphered by James Prinsep (year given: 1837).
- Links Prinsep's decipherment directly to reconstruction of the Mauryan period, implying precedence and decisive impact.
- States that after decades of investigations James Prinsep was able to decipher Asokan Brahmi in 1838.
- Specifies that most Asokan inscriptions used Brahmi, tying Prinsep's work directly to the edicts of Ashoka.
- Places '1838 — Decipherment of Asokan Brahmi by James Prinsep' in a chronological summary of epigraphic milestones.
- Chronology supports the claim that Prinsep was the key/earliest figure credited in these sources with deciphering Asokan script.
- Explicitly names James Prinsep as the person who decoded Ashoka's edicts in 1837.
- Directly attributes the decipherment to Prinsep, which contradicts the claim that Max Müller was the first.
- States James Prinsep was the first to decipher Ashoka's edicts and gives the year (1838) for deciphering Brahmi.
- Provides a clear answer identifying Prinsep (not Max Müller) as the first decipherer.
- Explicit quiz answer: 'The correct answer is Option (b): James Prinsep deciphered the edicts of Ashoka in 1837.'
- Again attributes the decipherment to Prinsep, refuting the idea that Max Müller was first.
States that reconstruction of the Mauryan period became possible only after the Brahmi script of the Sanchi inscriptions was deciphered by James Prinsep in 1837.
A student could take this named-date attribution (Prinsep, 1837) and compare it with Max Müller's life and publications to check who published decipherment earlier.
A multiple-choice question explicitly lists James Prinsep as the person who deciphered the Brahmi script in Ashoka's pillar inscriptions.
Use this as evidence of standard school/historiographical attribution and cross-check biographical timelines of Prinsep vs. Max Müller to assess the claim.
Describes the wide geographical spread and importance of Ashoka's edicts, implying that decipherment of Brahmi was a key scholarly milestone enabling their study.
Knowing decipherment is central, a student could search for who first achieved Brahmi decipherment (Prinsep) and whether anyone else (e.g., Max Müller) made an earlier claim.
Lists modern editions/translations of the edicts (e.g., Dhammika) but does not mention Max Müller, suggesting later translators are distinct from the original deciphers noted in other snippets.
A student could use the absence of Müller in such lists plus the named decipherer (Prinsep) to probe primary 19th-century publications for who first published readable translations.
- Explicitly names James Prinsep as the first to decipher Ashoka's edicts, directly contradicting the claim about William Jones.
- Gives a date and script (deciphered Brahmi in 1838), establishing Prinsep's priority.
- States a specific year and credits James Prinsep with decoding Ashoka's edicts, again refuting William Jones as first.
- Reinforces the consensus that Prinsep performed the initial decipherment (1837).
- Reiterates that James Prinsep deciphered the edicts (gives 1837), supporting that he, not William Jones, was first.
- Matches other sources' identification of Prinsep as the initial decipherer of Ashokan inscriptions.
The multiple-choice item lists 'Brahmi script in Ashoka's pillar inscription was deciphered by __' with options including James Prinsep and William Jones, implying these names are commonly discussed in connection with decipherment.
A student could use this to focus research on Prinsep and Jones as primary candidates and then check independent biographical dates/works to see who actually deciphered Brahmi.
This snippet directly states that the Brahmi script of the inscriptions at Sanchi was deciphered by James Prinsep in 1837.
A student can compare this specific attribution and date with William Jones's known lifetime/publications (basic historical dates) to judge whether Jones could have been the first decipherer.
Describes the wide geographical spread and composition of Ashoka's edicts, implying the need for deciphering Brahmi to reconstruct Mauryan history.
A student could use the fact that these inscriptions are in Brahmi to confirm that any claimed 'first decipherer' must have worked on Brahmi script and compare known scholars associated with Brahmi.
Lists modern scholarly works and translations of Ashoka's edicts, indicating a historiographical tradition where specific scholars (e.g., those credited in textbooks) are cited for decipherment/translations.
A student might consult the cited works or their prefatory notes (basic library search) to see which scholar(s) are credited with deciphering Brahmi and when.
Mentions specific names and foreign kings referred to in the edicts (e.g., 'Yona king Antiyoka (Antiochus)'), showing that identifying historical names required accurate decipherment of script.
A student can use this example to reason that correct readings (and their scholarly attribution) are traceable in secondary literature—so checking who first produced such identifications helps test the statement.
- [THE VERDICT]: Sitter. Direct hit from NCERT Class XII 'Themes in Indian History - Part I' (Page 28 & 46) and TN Class XI History.
- [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: The theme of 'Historiography' and 'Sources of History'—specifically how modern scholars reconstructed the Mauryan timeline.
- [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize the 'Indology Hall of Fame': William Jones (Asiatic Society, 1784, Sanskrit-Latin link); Charles Wilkins (First Gita translation); Alexander Cunningham (First ASI Director, Harappan seal); John Marshall (Indus Valley announcement, 1924); Mortimer Wheeler (Stratigraphic excavation).
- [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Do not just study the 'History' (Kings/Wars); study the 'History of History' (Who found it? When? How?). UPSC loves the interface between archaeology and text.
References state the Brahmi script of Ashokan inscriptions was deciphered by James Prinsep (1837), which directly bears on who first read the edicts.
High-yield factual item: questions often ask who deciphered Brahmi and when. Links epigraphy to reconstruction of Mauryan history; useful for source-based and historiography questions. Memorise Prinsep and the 1837 decipherment and practice applying this to questions on how primary sources are recovered.
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Emergence of State and Empire > Sources > p. 47
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Emergence of State and Empire > I. Choose the Correct Answer > p. 61
- Exploring Society:India and Beyond ,Social Science-Class VII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 5: The Rise of Empires > THINK ABOUT IT > p. 105
Multiple references describe the edicts' content, number/types, and wide geographical spread, showing their centrality for reconstructing Mauryan history.
Frequently tested: understanding what the edicts tell us (administration, dhamma, foreign relations) and their distribution helps answer polity, cultural contact, and map-based questions. Prepare by linking specific edict themes to regions and historical conclusions.
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Emergence of State and Empire > Edicts of Ashoka > p. 52
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Emergence of State and Empire > Ashoka's Dharmic State > p. 57
References distinguish that most edicts are in Prakrit (language) written in Brahmi (script), a conceptual distinction relevant to decipherment debates.
Important for clarity in questions on epigraphy and linguistic evidence; helps avoid conflating script with language when analysing inscriptions. Study by comparing examples and noting how script decipherment enables language interpretation.
- Exploring Society:India and Beyond ,Social Science-Class VII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 5: The Rise of Empires > THINK ABOUT IT > p. 105
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Emergence of State and Empire > Sources > p. 47
Prinsep's decipherment of Brahmi is the central factual claim behind the statement; the references date and attribute the breakthrough to him.
High-yield for UPSC: questions often ask who deciphered key scripts and the dates/impact. Links to broader themes of epigraphy and reconstruction of ancient history. Prepare by memorising major decipherments, dates, and their consequences for historical interpretation.
- THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART I, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 2: Kings, Farmers and Towns > 7.1 Deciphering Brahmi > p. 46
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Emergence of State and Empire > Sources > p. 47
References state that Ashokan edicts are the most concrete source for the Mauryan Empire and that decipherment enabled reconstruction of the period.
Vital for answering source-based questions—identifying which inscriptions inform us about political extent, administration and policy. Connects to archaeology, numismatics and textual sources; revise types of sources and case studies (e.g., Ashokan edicts).
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Emergence of State and Empire > Sources > p. 47
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Emergence of State and Empire > Edicts of Ashoka > p. 52
Prinsep's readings showed inscriptions referring to a king called Piyadassi; other references explain that Aśhoka called himself Devanampiya Piyadasi in the edicts.
Useful for questions on epigraphic methodology (how rulers are identified by honorifics/titles) and synchronising inscriptional with textual evidence. Learn key honorifics/titles and their epigraphic contexts to tackle source-criticism and identification questions.
- THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART I, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 2: Kings, Farmers and Towns > 1. Prinsep and Piyadassi > p. 28
- Exploring Society:India and Beyond ,Social Science-Class VII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 5: The Rise of Empires > THINK ABOUT IT > p. 106
The question hinges on who deciphered Ashokan inscriptions; the references state that James Prinsep deciphered the Brahmi script (1837), which enabled reading the Ashokan edicts.
UPSC often asks about historiography and epigraphic breakthroughs (who, when, significance). Mastering which scholars deciphered key scripts (like Brahmi) helps answer questions on primary sources, reconstruction of ancient history, and the methodology of historical inquiry. Prepare by memorising major scholars, dates, and the immediate impact of their discoveries.
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Emergence of State and Empire > Sources > p. 47
While Prinsep deciphered the script and read the title 'Devanampiya Piyadassi', he didn't initially know it was Ashoka. The confirmation came later from the **Maski Edict** (Karnataka) and **Gujarra Edict** (MP), which explicitly mention the name 'Ashoka' alongside the titles.
Chronological Logic: William Jones founded the Asiatic Society in 1784 (18th Century). The decipherment of a lost script like Brahmi required decades of data collection by that very Society. It is logically more likely to be a 19th-century achievement (Prinsep, 1837) than an 18th-century one. Max Müller is a text-translator (Vedas), not a field archaeologist.
Mains GS-1 (Art & Culture) & GS-4 (Ethics): Ashoka's edicts represent the earliest form of 'State Communication' and 'Public Ethics'. Contrast Prinsep's decipherment (colonial curiosity) with the actual content of the edicts (indigenous model of welfare state and tolerance).