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Q36 (IAS/2016) Science & Technology › New Materials, Energy & Environment-linked Tech › Solar energy technologies Official Key

'Net metering' is sometimes seen in the news in the context of promoting the

Result
Your answer:  ·  Correct: A
Explanation

Net metering is a billing system that tracks the difference between the energy your solar panels produce and the energy you consume, crediting you for excess production or billing you for additional usage.[3] It measures your power consumption against the power your solar panels produce, and when you produce more solar energy than you use, the difference is credited back to you.[4] This mechanism can provide significant financial and environmental advantages and is important in advancing the widespread use of solar energy.[5] The credit system incentivizes households and consumers to install solar panels, making option A the correct answer. Options B, C, and D are incorrect as net metering specifically relates to electricity generation and billing, not natural gas, CNG kits, or water meters. While net metering is associated with solar power, it isn't limited to that energy source—any power you generate, including wind, hydro, or biogas, is eligible for net metering.[6]

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Q. 'Net metering' is sometimes seen in the news in the context of promoting the [A] production and use of solar energy by the households/co…
At a glance
Origin: Mostly Current Affairs Fairness: Low / Borderline fairness Books / CA: 0/10 · 7.5/10

This is a classic 'Term in News' question derived from the operational mechanics of the National Solar Mission (2015-16 era). It tests whether you understand the 'how' (implementation mechanism) rather than just the 'what' (policy targets). It rewards reading the fine print of government schemes.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
Does net metering promote the production and use of solar energy by households/consumers?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"This mechanism can provide significant financial and environmental advantages and is important in advancing the widespread use of solar energy."
Why this source?
  • Explicitly states net metering provides financial and environmental advantages.
  • Says net metering is important in advancing the widespread use of solar energy, directly tying the policy to increased adoption.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"Net metering measures your power consumption against the power your solar panels produce. When you produce more solar energy than you use, the difference is credited back to you."
Why this source?
  • Explains how net metering credits excess solar production, reducing homeowners' net bills.
  • Shows the billing mechanism that creates a direct financial incentive for households to produce and use solar energy.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 6: Environmental Degradation and Management > i) Solar Energy or Photovoltaic (Pv) Energy > p. 51
Strength: 4/5
“(i) Solar Energy or Photovoltaic (Pv) Energy Solar energy is one of the most important sources of green electricity. Solar energy is non-exhaustible, reliable and pollution free. It may be utilised for water heaters, power generation devices, airconditioning, space heating, development of pisci-culture, multifarious uses of water and refrigeration. Tis energy is generated by converting sunlight directly into electricity even on cloudy days, using semi-conductor technology. Even in the winter season a useful amount of hot water can be produced from roof top collectors. Te buildings are also designed in such a way in which solar energy may be generated and utilised.”
Why relevant

Describes solar energy as suitable for household applications (water heaters, power generation, space heating) implying households are a natural target for solar adoption.

How to extend

A student could combine this with the basic fact that financial incentives for household technologies (like billing credits) tend to raise adoption to assess whether net metering (which provides billing benefits) would encourage household solar.

NCERT. (2022). Contemporary India II: Textbook in Geography for Class X (Revised ed.). NCERT. > Chapter 5: Print Culture and the Modern World > Solar Energy > p. 117
Strength: 4/5
“India is a tropical country. It has enormous possibilities of tapping solar energy. Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity. Solar energy is fast becoming popular in rural and remote areas. Some big solar power plants are being established in different parts of India which will minimise the dependence of rural households on firewood and dung cakes, which in turn will contribute to environmental conservation and adequate supply of manure in agriculture.”
Why relevant

Notes that photovoltaic technology is becoming popular in rural/remote households and that solar plants reduce household dependence on traditional fuels.

How to extend

Using the idea that household uptake responds to reduced running costs or improved access, a student could infer net metering (which offsets electricity bills) might similarly boost household PV adoption and then look for billing/regulatory details to test it.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 23: India and Climate Change > 23.14. PROMOTION OF ENERGY SAVING DEVICES > p. 315
Strength: 5/5
“• The Bureau of Energy efficiency has introduced "The Bachat Lamp Yojana", a programme under which households may exchange incandescent lamps for CFLs (compact fluorescent lamps) using clean development mechanism (CDM) credits to equate Purchase bill. : i• Some states have made mandatory the installation of solar water heaters in hospitals, hotels and large government and commercial buildings. Subsidy is provided for installation of solar water heaters in residential buildings.”
Why relevant

Gives an example of policy actions (subsidies, mandatory installations) used to promote solar devices in residential and institutional buildings.

How to extend

Since net metering is a regulatory/financial mechanism, a student could extend this pattern of policy-induced adoption to hypothesize that net metering would also promote household solar and then seek empirical tariff/billing evidence.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 8: Energy Resources > Solar Energy > p. 28
Strength: 4/5
“The Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) technology enables the conversion of solar radiation into electricity without involving any moving part like turbine. Over 650,000 solar PV systems have been installed in the country. In many parts of the country, the solar energy programmes have been implemented. One such example is the Rural Energy Co-operative at Sagar Island in the Sundarban Delta of West Bengal. Similar programmes have been implemented in the other islands in the Bay of Bengal, the desert of Jodhpur (Rajasthan), Kalyanpur (Aligarh), and Coimbatore (Fig. 8.8).”
Why relevant

Reports large-scale deployment of over 650,000 solar PV systems and implementation of rural/off‑grid solar programmes aimed at communities and households.

How to extend

A student can use the example that programme-driven installation grows household PV capacity and reason that grid-interactive measures like net metering (which improve economics of grid-tied PV) could have a similar effect, prompting an evidence search on uptake after net metering introduction.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 23: India and Climate Change > Objective > p. 302
Strength: 5/5
“• To establish India as a global leader in solar energy, by creating the policy conditions for its diffusion across the country as quickly as possible. • The Mission will adopt a 3-phase approach, spending the remaining period of the 13th Plan and first year of the 14th Plan (up to cor-3) as Phase 1, the remaining 4 years of the 14th Plan (cor-3-r7) as Phase 2 and the 14th Plan (cor-7-zz) as Phase 3. does not matteriize or is more rapid than expected. • The first phase (up to 2 or 3) will focus on capturing of the low hanging options in solar thermai; on promoting off-grid systems to serve populations without access to commercial energy and modest capacity addition in grid-based systems. • In the second phase, after taking into account the experience of the initial years, capacity will be aggressively ramped up to create conditions for up scaled and competitive solar energy penetration in the country. r Promoting innovative policy and regulatory regimes, financing mechanisms, and business models which not only create, but also sustain markets for energy efficiency in a transparent manner with clear deliverables to be achieved in a time bound manner.”
Why relevant

States the Mission will 'promote innovative policy and regulatory regimes, financing mechanisms, and business models' to create and sustain markets for solar energy.

How to extend

A student could treat net metering as one such regulatory/financial mechanism and therefore predict it would be expected to promote household solar unless practical/regulatory details negate the effect; they could then check specific net‑metering rules and household uptake data.

Statement 2
Does net metering promote the use of piped natural gas in household kitchens?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 3/5
"Net metering is a billing system that tracks the difference between the energy your solar panels produce and the energy you consume, crediting you for excess production or billing you for additional usage."
Why this source?
  • Defines net metering as a billing system for solar electricity production and consumption.
  • Focus on electricity implies net metering is about electric generation/use, not piped natural gas for home cooking.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"is the present value of natural gas purchases avoided due to displaced electricity generation by gas-powered plants during the solar operating hours."
Why this source?
  • Describes net-metered solar reducing natural gas purchases by displacing electricity generation from gas-powered plants.
  • This indicates net metering tends to reduce natural gas demand in power generation rather than promote piped natural gas in households.

INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Mineral and Energy Resources > Natural Gas > p. 61
Strength: 5/5
“the surface. It can be used as a domestic and industrial fuel. It is used as fuel in power sector to generate electricity, for heating purpose in industries, as raw material in chemical, petrochemical and fertiliser industries. With the expansion of gas infrastructure and local city gas distribution (COD) networks, natural gas is also emerging as a preferred transport fuel (CNG) and cooking fuel (PNG) at homes. India's major gas reserves are found in the Mumbai High and allied fields along the west coast which are supplemented by finds in the Cambay basin. Along the East Coast, new reserves of natural gas have been discovered in the Krishna-Godavari basin.”
Why relevant

States that with the expansion of gas infrastructure and local city gas distribution (CGD) networks, natural gas is emerging as a cooking fuel (PNG) at homes — linking household cooking choice to availability of piped gas infrastructure.

How to extend

A student could map areas with CGD/PNG coverage and compare them with regions of high rooftop solar + net metering to see if net metering correlates with or substitutes for PNG adoption.

NCERT. (2022). Contemporary India II: Textbook in Geography for Class X (Revised ed.). NCERT. > Chapter 5: Print Culture and the Modern World > Natural Gas > p. 115
Strength: 4/5
“Natural Gas is found with petroleum deposits and is released when crude oil is brought to the surface. It can be used as a domestic and industrial fuel. It is used as fuel in power sector to generate electricity, for heating purpose in industries, as raw material in chemical, petrochemical and fertilizer industries, as transport fuel and as cooking fuel. With the expansion of gas infrastructure and local city 52 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II gas distribution (COD) networks, natural gas is also emerging as a preferred transport fuel (CNG) and cooking fuel (PNG) at homes. India's major gas reserves are found in the Mumbai High and allied fields along the west coast which are supplemented by finds in the Cambay basin.”
Why relevant

Reiterates that expansion of local gas distribution networks enables natural gas as a preferred cooking fuel at homes — implying infrastructure is a key determinant of PNG use.

How to extend

Combine this with data on local electricity generation/solar adoption to judge whether net-metered solar would compete with PNG in those same networks.

Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 27: Fuel and Power > PETROLEUM > p. 268
Strength: 4/5
“This consists mainly of methane and ethane and is increasingly used for heating, lighting and the chemicals industry. In America, Europe, Russia and New Zealand, natural gas is pumped through pipes for use in households and industrial plants. Another interesting product mined in connection with petroleum is asphalt or bitumen or pitch. It is, in fact, highly viscous oil. The most important asphalt deposit is the Pitch Lake of Trinidad which has been dug for over a century though only a fraction of its 87 metres (285 feet) depth has so far been removed. It is an excellent material for road surfacing.”
Why relevant

Gives an example that in several countries natural gas is pumped through pipes for household use, showing a model where piped gas is a viable household cooking fuel where infrastructure exists.

How to extend

Use international examples to infer that wherever piped gas infrastructure is mature, households may choose PNG unless cheaper/cleaner electric alternatives (possibly enabled by net metering) are available.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > natural gas as a Resource > p. 15
Strength: 3/5
“Natural gas is one of the important sources of energy. Natural gas burns clean and is easy to use. It is relatively cheap to buy and transport. Its storage and distribution is however, complicated. Natural gas may occur in association with crude-oil in the upper most part of an oil trap. Te larger felds of natural gas often have no oil. Te major constituents of natural gas are a mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons, of which methane alone may make up 80 to 90 per cent. Te other gases include ethane, propane and butane. Te leading producers, consumers and mining centres of natural gas have been plotted in Fig.”
Why relevant

Notes natural gas 'burns clean and is easy to use' but that its 'storage and distribution is complicated' — highlighting a tradeoff: user preference for PNG vs. infrastructural hurdles.

How to extend

A student could reason that if net metering makes electricity cheaper/available, the infrastructural simplicity of electricity (versus gas distribution complexity) could sway household choice toward electric cooking.

Economics, Class IX . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 3: Poverty as a Challenge > Anti-Poverty Measures > p. 40
Strength: 3/5
“It encourages the use of smoke-free kitchen, thereby, saving them from chronic respiratory disorders and poor eye sights. It was launched in 2016 with an aim to provide clean cooking fuel (liquefied petroleum gas or LPG) to economically poor households especially in the rural areas, who cook using traditional methods by using either coal, wood or cow dungs. Its target beneficiaries are Below Poverty Line (BPL) households, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, forest dwellers and marginalised group households. To encourage the use of LPG, the scheme provides a completely free connection, including the first refill and a stove. Over the years there is an increase in the LPG coverage throughout the country.”
Why relevant

Describes a government LPG scheme promoting clean cooking by providing free LPG connections and refills — an example of policy shaping household fuel choice toward cleaner options.

How to extend

Compare such policy-driven increases in LPG/PNG uptake with incentives for rooftop solar/net metering to evaluate whether net metering similarly shifts cooking fuel demand toward electricity.

Statement 3
Does net metering promote the installation of CNG kits in motor-cars?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 4/5
"Net metering is a billing system that tracks the difference between the energy your solar panels produce and the energy you consume, crediting you for excess production or billing you for additional usage."
Why this source?
  • Defines net metering as a billing system linking electricity generation (e.g., solar panels) to household consumption and credits for excess electricity.
  • Scope is electricity generation and billing, not vehicle fuel systems like CNG kits, so it does not promote CNG installation.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"Does net metering only apply to solar? While net metering is associated with solar power, it isn’t limited to that energy source. Any power you generate, which could be by wind, hydro, or animal waste from biogas, to name a few, is eligible for net metering"
Why this source?
  • States net metering applies to on-site power generation sources (solar, wind, hydro, biogas), i.e., electricity fed to the grid.
  • By describing eligible generation types as electrical, it implies net metering is unrelated to automotive fuel conversions such as CNG kits.

INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Mineral and Energy Resources > Natural Gas > p. 61
Strength: 5/5
“the surface. It can be used as a domestic and industrial fuel. It is used as fuel in power sector to generate electricity, for heating purpose in industries, as raw material in chemical, petrochemical and fertiliser industries. With the expansion of gas infrastructure and local city gas distribution (COD) networks, natural gas is also emerging as a preferred transport fuel (CNG) and cooking fuel (PNG) at homes. India's major gas reserves are found in the Mumbai High and allied fields along the west coast which are supplemented by finds in the Cambay basin. Along the East Coast, new reserves of natural gas have been discovered in the Krishna-Godavari basin.”
Why relevant

Describes natural gas/CNG as an emerging transport fuel tied to expansion of gas infrastructure and city gas distribution (CGD) networks.

How to extend

A student could combine this with a map or data on CGD rollout to judge whether infrastructure availability (not net metering) is a key determinant of CNG kit adoption.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 23: India and Climate Change > 23.r3.r. Clean Air Initiatives > p. 315
Strength: 4/5
“• In urban areas, one of the major sources of air pollution is emissions from transport vehicles. • Steps taken to reduce such pollution include: • (i) introduction of compressed natural gas (CNG) in Delhi and other cities; • (ii) retiring old, polluting vehicles; and • (iii) strengthening of mass transportation. Some state governments provide subsidies for purchase and use of electric vehicles. For thermal power plants, the installation of electrostatic precipitators is mandatory.”
Why relevant

Notes policy measures to reduce vehicular pollution including introduction of CNG and that some state governments provide subsidies for electric vehicles.

How to extend

Compare types of government incentives (subsidies for EVs vs. CNG programs) to infer whether electricity-linked policies like net metering would plausibly target CNG uptake.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 23: India and Climate Change > 23.18. FAME.INDIA PROGRAMME > p. 317
Strength: 4/5
“Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid) and electric Vehicies (EAME India) scheme rolled out in April, eor5 by Union Minister for Heavy industries and Public Enterprises The scheme will help promote use of electric and hybrid vehicles, and initially, a subsidy of 30% will be provided to the buyers. Phased replacement of fossil fuel-based vehicles with those based on latest technologies will lead to a net saving of Rs 14,000 crore. The scheme is proposed to be implemented over six years, til zozo, which looks at sales of electric and hybrid vehicles up to 6o-7o lakh units per year.”
Why relevant

FAME scheme explicitly provides subsidies to promote electric and hybrid vehicles (financial incentives influence vehicle technology uptake).

How to extend

Use this pattern (subsidies increase EV adoption) to reason that net metering — an electricity/solar incentive — would more directly promote electric vehicles than CNG conversions.

Indian Constitution at Work, Political Science Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 6: JUDICIARY > Centre, Delhi join hands on CNG issue > p. 147
Strength: 4/5
“By Our Staff Reporter, The Hindu 23 September 2001 NEW DELHI, SEPT. 22. The Centre and the Delhi Government today agreed to jointly approach the Supreme Court this coming week… for phasing out of all non-CNG commercial vehicles in the Capital. They also decided to seek a dual fuel policy for the city instead of putting the entire transportation system on the single-fuel mode "which was full of dangers and would result in It was also decided to discourage the use of CNG by private vehicle owners in the Capital. Both governments would press for allowing the use of 0.05 per cent low sulphur diesel for running of buses in the Capital.”
Why relevant

Describes a policy choice to discourage CNG use by private vehicle owners and to avoid single-fuel dependence for the city's transport.

How to extend

Combine this with knowledge of policy impact: if governments sometimes discourage private CNG use, net metering (an electricity policy) is unlikely to be designed to promote CNG kits.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 5: Environmental Pollution > Control measuresi > p. 69
Strength: 3/5
“9. multipoint fuel injection engine). • ii. Catalytic converter filters in the vehicles can convert nitrogen oxide to nitrogen and reduce the potential hazards of NOx. • iii. use of good quality automobile fuels • iv. use of lead free petrol. • v. Use of compressed natural gas (CNG).”
Why relevant

Lists CNG among vehicle pollution-control measures and alternate fuels, showing CNG is framed as an environmental/air-quality intervention.

How to extend

A student can contrast the environmental rationale for CNG with the electricity-focused rationale for net metering to assess whether the latter would logically promote CNG kit installation.

Statement 4
Does net metering promote the installation of water meters in urban households?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: Water Resources > Rainwater Harvesting > p. 50
Strength: 5/5
“These days rainwater harvesting is being taken up on massive scale in many states in the country. Urban areas can specially benefit from rainwater harvesting as water demand has already outstripped supply in most of the cities and towns. Apart from the above mentioned factors, the issue desalinisation of water particularly in coastal areas and brackish water in arid and semi-arid areas, transfer of water from water surplus areas to water deficit areas through inter-linking of rivers can be important remedies for solving water problem in India (read more about inter linking of rivers). However, the most important issue from the point of view of individual users, household and communities is pricing of water.”
Why relevant

Identifies pricing of water as the most important issue for individual users and households, suggesting that price signals can influence household choices about water infrastructure.

How to extend

A student could infer that if net metering changes household economics (as an energy price/income mechanism), an analogous economic incentive or pricing reform for water (enabled by meters) could be promoted; compare how price signals for electricity encourage metering.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 23: India and Climate Change > Mission Objectives > p. 304
Strength: 5/5
“N /*i \j(/l • Developing a framework for optimum water use through increase in water use efficiency by zo0lo through regulatory mechanisms with differential entitlements and pricing, taking the National Water Policy (NWP) into consideration. • Ensuring that a considerable share of water needs of urban areas is met through recycling of waste water. r Building Human and Institutional capacities in climate change related aspects lq • R Network knowledge institutions and develop a coherent database on all knowledge systems• • r Increased forest/tree cover on 5 million hectares (ha) of forest/non- forest lands and improved quality of forest cover on another 5 million ha of non-forest/forest lands (a total of 10 million ha) • o Improved ecosystem services including: biodiversity, hydrological services, and carbon sequestration from the 10 million ha of forest/non-forest lands mentioned above • r Increased forest-based livelihood income of about 3 million households, living in and around the forests • r Enhanced annual C”
Why relevant

Mentions developing regulatory mechanisms with differential entitlements and pricing to increase water use efficiency, implying that measurement (meters) and pricing are linked policy tools.

How to extend

One could argue that policies which create differential pricing would require or encourage installation of water meters to implement and enforce those tariffs, so examine whether net metering-like policy logic (metering to enable tariffs/credits) applies to water.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 23: India and Climate Change > 23.3.5. Water > p. 301
Strength: 4/5
“r The National Water Policy stresses that nonconventional methods for utilization of water, including inter-basin transfers, artificial recharge of groundwater, and desalination of brackish or sea water, as well as traditional water conservation practices like rainwater harvesting, including rooftop rainwater harvesting, should be practised to increase the utilizatrle water resources. Many states now have mandatory water harvesting programmes in several cities.”
Why relevant

Explains that National Water Policy and states use regulatory measures and mandatory programmes (e.g., rooftop harvesting) to increase usable water resources, showing regulation can drive household installations.

How to extend

A student could analogize: if regulation forced/encouraged installations in water (as with rooftop harvesting), then introducing energy-sector mechanisms (net metering) might inspire similar regulatory or incentive schemes for water metering—compare institutional channels that convert policy into household installations.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 6: Environmental Issues > Rain Water Harvesting > p. 112
Strength: 3/5
“• All buildings to be constructed in future in urban areas should have provision for roof-top rain water harvesting • The institutional and commercial buildings should not draw water from existing water supply schemes which adversely affect water supply to local villages or settlements”
Why relevant

States that all new buildings should provide rooftop rainwater harvesting and that institutional/commercial buildings should avoid drawing on schemes that harm local supply—an example of mandatory infrastructure requirements.

How to extend

Use this example of mandatory building-level requirements to reason that if authorities see metering as necessary for resource management, they could mandate water meters for households similarly to how they mandate rainwater systems.

NCERT. (2022). Contemporary India II: Textbook in Geography for Class X (Revised ed.). NCERT. > Chapter 3: The Making of a Global World > p. 55
Strength: 3/5
“Moreover, multiplying urban centres with large and dense populations and urban lifestyles have not only added to water and energy requirements but have further aggravated the problem. If you look into the housing societies or colonies in the cities, you would find that most of these have their own groundwater pumping devices to meet their water needs. Not surprisingly, we find that fragile water resources are being overexploited and have caused their depletion in several of these cities. Atal Bhujal Yojana (Atal Jal) is being implemented in 8220 water stressed Gram Panchayats of 229 administrative blocks/ talukas in 80 districts of seven states, viz.”
Why relevant

Notes that urban areas have overexploited fragile water resources and that many housing societies use their own groundwater pumps, indicating scarcity and local responses by households.

How to extend

Given scarcity-driven household adaptations, a student might infer that introducing an incentive mechanism (like net metering did for rooftop solar) could motivate households to accept water meters if it improved access, pricing fairness, or conservation rewards.

Pattern takeaway: UPSC prefers 'Mechanism' over 'Target'. Instead of asking 'What is the solar target?', they ask 'What is Net Metering?'. Always identify the specific instrument (banking, billing, or legal) that makes a policy work.
How you should have studied
  1. [THE VERDICT]: Sitter. If you followed the 'Rooftop Solar' policy push in 2015-16 newspapers, this term was unavoidable.
  2. [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: Renewable Energy Policy > Decentralized Generation > Consumer Incentives.
  3. [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Don't stop at Net Metering. Study: Gross Metering, Feed-in Tariffs (FiT), Renewable Purchase Obligations (RPO), Renewable Energy Certificates (REC), Virtual Net Metering, and Green Energy Open Access Rules.
  4. [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: When a scheme is launched (e.g., PM Surya Ghar), ask: 'What is the financial interface for the common man?' The mechanism that affects the monthly bill (Net Metering) is always a high-priority question.
Concept hooks from this question
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Photovoltaic (PV) rooftop systems
💡 The insight

PV technology and rooftop solar installations are repeatedly cited as the household-facing route for converting sunlight into electricity, which is the direct context where net metering would apply.

High-yield for UPSC: understanding PV basics helps answer questions on decentralized energy, rural/urban electrification, and household adoption of renewables. Connects to topics on renewable energy technology, infrastructure and policy measures. Prepare by studying PV conversion, common applications (rooftop water heaters, small PV systems), and examples of deployment mentioned in the texts.

📚 Reading List :
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 8: Energy Resources > Solar Energy > p. 28
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 6: Environmental Degradation and Management > i) Solar Energy or Photovoltaic (Pv) Energy > p. 51
  • NCERT. (2022). Contemporary India II: Textbook in Geography for Class X (Revised ed.). NCERT. > Chapter 5: Print Culture and the Modern World > Solar Energy > p. 117
🔗 Anchor: "Does net metering promote the production and use of solar energy by households/c..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Policy instruments and incentives for solar adoption
💡 The insight

References describe subsidies, mandatory installation norms and national mission approaches — the kinds of policy tools that promote household uptake of solar (net metering is one such policy instrument).

Critical for UPSC: questions often ask how policy drives technology adoption. Knowing subsidy/mandate examples and mission-level approaches enables evaluation of instruments (subsidies, mandates, regulatory frameworks). Study by comparing instruments, their objectives, and how they target households or buildings.

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 23: India and Climate Change > 23.14. PROMOTION OF ENERGY SAVING DEVICES > p. 315
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 23: India and Climate Change > Objective > p. 302
🔗 Anchor: "Does net metering promote the production and use of solar energy by households/c..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Solar resource potential and geographic suitability in India
💡 The insight

The extent of solar insolation and regional potential influences the viability of household solar systems and therefore the likely effectiveness of mechanisms (like net metering) to promote uptake.

Useful for mapping and policy questions: solar resource data informs where rooftop/household solar makes sense, links to regional planning and renewable targets. UPSC candidates should remember regional high-potential areas, insolation figures and broad implications for policy and infrastructure deployment.

📚 Reading List :
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 8: Energy Resources > Solar Energy > p. 27
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 22: Renewable Energy > zz.r.3 Potential of solar energy in India > p. 288
  • INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Mineral and Energy Resources > Solar Energy > p. 61
🔗 Anchor: "Does net metering promote the production and use of solar energy by households/c..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 City Gas Distribution / Piped Natural Gas (PNG)
💡 The insight

The statement concerns piped natural gas for cooking; several references describe PNG and its emergence as a household cooking fuel with expanding gas infrastructure.

PNG/City Gas Distribution is a high-yield topic linking energy infrastructure, urban services and fuel substitution in households. UPSC questions often probe infrastructure expansion, urban energy supply and policy implications; mastering this helps answer questions on energy access, distribution networks and implications for cooking/transport fuels. Study official reports and NCERT excerpts on gas distribution and note connections to CNG/PNG deployment patterns.

📚 Reading List :
  • INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Mineral and Energy Resources > Natural Gas > p. 61
  • NCERT. (2022). Contemporary India II: Textbook in Geography for Class X (Revised ed.). NCERT. > Chapter 5: Print Culture and the Modern World > Natural Gas > p. 115
  • Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 27: Fuel and Power > PETROLEUM > p. 268
🔗 Anchor: "Does net metering promote the use of piped natural gas in household kitchens?"
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Natural Gas Uses, Production and Supply Constraints
💡 The insight

References show major end-uses of natural gas (power, fertiliser, cooking) and note production shortfalls and imports—factors that affect availability for household PNG.

Understanding sectoral allocation and supply constraints is crucial for evaluating whether policies or market mechanisms can expand PNG for kitchens. UPSC may ask about energy security, resource allocation and import dependence; link these to policy choices and trade-offs. Focus on consumption breakdowns, production trends and implications for domestic fuel availability.

📚 Reading List :
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 8: Energy Resources > Natural Gas > p. 17
  • Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 15: Infrastructure > Natural Gas > p. 447
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > natural gas as a Resource > p. 15
🔗 Anchor: "Does net metering promote the use of piped natural gas in household kitchens?"
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Clean Cooking Fuel Policies (LPG promotion for households)
💡 The insight

Evidence on policy measures to promote clean cooking (free LPG connections and refills) is relevant when comparing promotion of LPG versus PNG for household kitchens.

Policies promoting clean cooking (like free LPG connections) illustrate governmental levers to change household fuel use—important for GS mains and prelims on social policy and public health. UPSC aspirants should link such schemes to outcomes (health, adoption rates) and to comparative policy options (LPG subsidies vs. PNG network expansion). Learn scheme design, target groups and measurable impacts from NCERTs and policy summaries.

📚 Reading List :
  • Economics, Class IX . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 3: Poverty as a Challenge > Anti-Poverty Measures > p. 40
🔗 Anchor: "Does net metering promote the use of piped natural gas in household kitchens?"
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S3
👉 CNG as an alternative transport fuel
💡 The insight

Several references identify CNG as a preferred/alternative transport fuel and list its use in vehicles and cities.

High-yield for environment and energy sections: explains fuel substitution in transport, links to questions on air pollution mitigation and energy transition. Learn sources that describe alternate fuels, their advantages/limitations, and contextual examples (e.g., Delhi).

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 23: India and Climate Change > 23.r3.r. Clean Air Initiatives > p. 315
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 17: Contemporary Issues > 1. Air Pollution > p. 38
  • INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Mineral and Energy Resources > Natural Gas > p. 61
🔗 Anchor: "Does net metering promote the installation of CNG kits in motor-cars?"
🌑 The Hidden Trap

Virtual Net Metering (VNM): This allows consumers (like apartment owners) without suitable roofs to own a share of a community solar plant and receive bill credits. It is the logical next step in policy evolution.

⚡ Elimination Cheat Code

Etymological Logic: 'Net' implies a balance between Import and Export (Two-way flow).
- Water (D) and Piped Gas (B) are one-way flows (Utility to House); you don't pump water back to the municipality.
- CNG (C) is a tank fill-up (one-way).
- Only Solar (A) allows a household to generate electricity and send it back to the grid, making 'Net' measurement logically necessary.

🔗 Mains Connection

GS3 (Energy & Infrastructure): Net Metering transforms a consumer into a 'Prosumer' (Producer + Consumer). This decentralization aids energy security but creates financial stress for DISCOMs (revenue loss), a key debate in power sector reforms.

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