Question map
'Net metering' is sometimes seen in the news in the context of promoting the
Explanation
Net metering is a billing system that tracks the difference between the energy your solar panels produce and the energy you consume, crediting you for excess production or billing you for additional usage.[3] It measures your power consumption against the power your solar panels produce, and when you produce more solar energy than you use, the difference is credited back to you.[4] This mechanism can provide significant financial and environmental advantages and is important in advancing the widespread use of solar energy.[5] The credit system incentivizes households and consumers to install solar panels, making option A the correct answer. Options B, C, and D are incorrect as net metering specifically relates to electricity generation and billing, not natural gas, CNG kits, or water meters. While net metering is associated with solar power, it isn't limited to that energy source—any power you generate, including wind, hydro, or biogas, is eligible for net metering.[6]
SourcesPROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
Full viewThis is a classic 'Term in News' question derived from the operational mechanics of the National Solar Mission (2015-16 era). It tests whether you understand the 'how' (implementation mechanism) rather than just the 'what' (policy targets). It rewards reading the fine print of government schemes.
This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.
- Statement 1: Does net metering promote the production and use of solar energy by households/consumers?
- Statement 2: Does net metering promote the use of piped natural gas in household kitchens?
- Statement 3: Does net metering promote the installation of CNG kits in motor-cars?
- Statement 4: Does net metering promote the installation of water meters in urban households?
- Explicitly states net metering provides financial and environmental advantages.
- Says net metering is important in advancing the widespread use of solar energy, directly tying the policy to increased adoption.
- Explains how net metering credits excess solar production, reducing homeowners' net bills.
- Shows the billing mechanism that creates a direct financial incentive for households to produce and use solar energy.
Describes solar energy as suitable for household applications (water heaters, power generation, space heating) implying households are a natural target for solar adoption.
A student could combine this with the basic fact that financial incentives for household technologies (like billing credits) tend to raise adoption to assess whether net metering (which provides billing benefits) would encourage household solar.
Notes that photovoltaic technology is becoming popular in rural/remote households and that solar plants reduce household dependence on traditional fuels.
Using the idea that household uptake responds to reduced running costs or improved access, a student could infer net metering (which offsets electricity bills) might similarly boost household PV adoption and then look for billing/regulatory details to test it.
Gives an example of policy actions (subsidies, mandatory installations) used to promote solar devices in residential and institutional buildings.
Since net metering is a regulatory/financial mechanism, a student could extend this pattern of policy-induced adoption to hypothesize that net metering would also promote household solar and then seek empirical tariff/billing evidence.
Reports large-scale deployment of over 650,000 solar PV systems and implementation of rural/off‑grid solar programmes aimed at communities and households.
A student can use the example that programme-driven installation grows household PV capacity and reason that grid-interactive measures like net metering (which improve economics of grid-tied PV) could have a similar effect, prompting an evidence search on uptake after net metering introduction.
States the Mission will 'promote innovative policy and regulatory regimes, financing mechanisms, and business models' to create and sustain markets for solar energy.
A student could treat net metering as one such regulatory/financial mechanism and therefore predict it would be expected to promote household solar unless practical/regulatory details negate the effect; they could then check specific net‑metering rules and household uptake data.
- Defines net metering as a billing system for solar electricity production and consumption.
- Focus on electricity implies net metering is about electric generation/use, not piped natural gas for home cooking.
- Describes net-metered solar reducing natural gas purchases by displacing electricity generation from gas-powered plants.
- This indicates net metering tends to reduce natural gas demand in power generation rather than promote piped natural gas in households.
States that with the expansion of gas infrastructure and local city gas distribution (CGD) networks, natural gas is emerging as a cooking fuel (PNG) at homes — linking household cooking choice to availability of piped gas infrastructure.
A student could map areas with CGD/PNG coverage and compare them with regions of high rooftop solar + net metering to see if net metering correlates with or substitutes for PNG adoption.
Reiterates that expansion of local gas distribution networks enables natural gas as a preferred cooking fuel at homes — implying infrastructure is a key determinant of PNG use.
Combine this with data on local electricity generation/solar adoption to judge whether net-metered solar would compete with PNG in those same networks.
Gives an example that in several countries natural gas is pumped through pipes for household use, showing a model where piped gas is a viable household cooking fuel where infrastructure exists.
Use international examples to infer that wherever piped gas infrastructure is mature, households may choose PNG unless cheaper/cleaner electric alternatives (possibly enabled by net metering) are available.
Notes natural gas 'burns clean and is easy to use' but that its 'storage and distribution is complicated' — highlighting a tradeoff: user preference for PNG vs. infrastructural hurdles.
A student could reason that if net metering makes electricity cheaper/available, the infrastructural simplicity of electricity (versus gas distribution complexity) could sway household choice toward electric cooking.
Describes a government LPG scheme promoting clean cooking by providing free LPG connections and refills — an example of policy shaping household fuel choice toward cleaner options.
Compare such policy-driven increases in LPG/PNG uptake with incentives for rooftop solar/net metering to evaluate whether net metering similarly shifts cooking fuel demand toward electricity.
- Defines net metering as a billing system linking electricity generation (e.g., solar panels) to household consumption and credits for excess electricity.
- Scope is electricity generation and billing, not vehicle fuel systems like CNG kits, so it does not promote CNG installation.
- States net metering applies to on-site power generation sources (solar, wind, hydro, biogas), i.e., electricity fed to the grid.
- By describing eligible generation types as electrical, it implies net metering is unrelated to automotive fuel conversions such as CNG kits.
Describes natural gas/CNG as an emerging transport fuel tied to expansion of gas infrastructure and city gas distribution (CGD) networks.
A student could combine this with a map or data on CGD rollout to judge whether infrastructure availability (not net metering) is a key determinant of CNG kit adoption.
Notes policy measures to reduce vehicular pollution including introduction of CNG and that some state governments provide subsidies for electric vehicles.
Compare types of government incentives (subsidies for EVs vs. CNG programs) to infer whether electricity-linked policies like net metering would plausibly target CNG uptake.
FAME scheme explicitly provides subsidies to promote electric and hybrid vehicles (financial incentives influence vehicle technology uptake).
Use this pattern (subsidies increase EV adoption) to reason that net metering — an electricity/solar incentive — would more directly promote electric vehicles than CNG conversions.
Describes a policy choice to discourage CNG use by private vehicle owners and to avoid single-fuel dependence for the city's transport.
Combine this with knowledge of policy impact: if governments sometimes discourage private CNG use, net metering (an electricity policy) is unlikely to be designed to promote CNG kits.
Lists CNG among vehicle pollution-control measures and alternate fuels, showing CNG is framed as an environmental/air-quality intervention.
A student can contrast the environmental rationale for CNG with the electricity-focused rationale for net metering to assess whether the latter would logically promote CNG kit installation.
Identifies pricing of water as the most important issue for individual users and households, suggesting that price signals can influence household choices about water infrastructure.
A student could infer that if net metering changes household economics (as an energy price/income mechanism), an analogous economic incentive or pricing reform for water (enabled by meters) could be promoted; compare how price signals for electricity encourage metering.
Mentions developing regulatory mechanisms with differential entitlements and pricing to increase water use efficiency, implying that measurement (meters) and pricing are linked policy tools.
One could argue that policies which create differential pricing would require or encourage installation of water meters to implement and enforce those tariffs, so examine whether net metering-like policy logic (metering to enable tariffs/credits) applies to water.
Explains that National Water Policy and states use regulatory measures and mandatory programmes (e.g., rooftop harvesting) to increase usable water resources, showing regulation can drive household installations.
A student could analogize: if regulation forced/encouraged installations in water (as with rooftop harvesting), then introducing energy-sector mechanisms (net metering) might inspire similar regulatory or incentive schemes for water metering—compare institutional channels that convert policy into household installations.
States that all new buildings should provide rooftop rainwater harvesting and that institutional/commercial buildings should avoid drawing on schemes that harm local supply—an example of mandatory infrastructure requirements.
Use this example of mandatory building-level requirements to reason that if authorities see metering as necessary for resource management, they could mandate water meters for households similarly to how they mandate rainwater systems.
Notes that urban areas have overexploited fragile water resources and that many housing societies use their own groundwater pumps, indicating scarcity and local responses by households.
Given scarcity-driven household adaptations, a student might infer that introducing an incentive mechanism (like net metering did for rooftop solar) could motivate households to accept water meters if it improved access, pricing fairness, or conservation rewards.
- [THE VERDICT]: Sitter. If you followed the 'Rooftop Solar' policy push in 2015-16 newspapers, this term was unavoidable.
- [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: Renewable Energy Policy > Decentralized Generation > Consumer Incentives.
- [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Don't stop at Net Metering. Study: Gross Metering, Feed-in Tariffs (FiT), Renewable Purchase Obligations (RPO), Renewable Energy Certificates (REC), Virtual Net Metering, and Green Energy Open Access Rules.
- [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: When a scheme is launched (e.g., PM Surya Ghar), ask: 'What is the financial interface for the common man?' The mechanism that affects the monthly bill (Net Metering) is always a high-priority question.
PV technology and rooftop solar installations are repeatedly cited as the household-facing route for converting sunlight into electricity, which is the direct context where net metering would apply.
High-yield for UPSC: understanding PV basics helps answer questions on decentralized energy, rural/urban electrification, and household adoption of renewables. Connects to topics on renewable energy technology, infrastructure and policy measures. Prepare by studying PV conversion, common applications (rooftop water heaters, small PV systems), and examples of deployment mentioned in the texts.
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 8: Energy Resources > Solar Energy > p. 28
- Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 6: Environmental Degradation and Management > i) Solar Energy or Photovoltaic (Pv) Energy > p. 51
- NCERT. (2022). Contemporary India II: Textbook in Geography for Class X (Revised ed.). NCERT. > Chapter 5: Print Culture and the Modern World > Solar Energy > p. 117
References describe subsidies, mandatory installation norms and national mission approaches — the kinds of policy tools that promote household uptake of solar (net metering is one such policy instrument).
Critical for UPSC: questions often ask how policy drives technology adoption. Knowing subsidy/mandate examples and mission-level approaches enables evaluation of instruments (subsidies, mandates, regulatory frameworks). Study by comparing instruments, their objectives, and how they target households or buildings.
- Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 23: India and Climate Change > 23.14. PROMOTION OF ENERGY SAVING DEVICES > p. 315
- Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 23: India and Climate Change > Objective > p. 302
The extent of solar insolation and regional potential influences the viability of household solar systems and therefore the likely effectiveness of mechanisms (like net metering) to promote uptake.
Useful for mapping and policy questions: solar resource data informs where rooftop/household solar makes sense, links to regional planning and renewable targets. UPSC candidates should remember regional high-potential areas, insolation figures and broad implications for policy and infrastructure deployment.
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 8: Energy Resources > Solar Energy > p. 27
- Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 22: Renewable Energy > zz.r.3 Potential of solar energy in India > p. 288
- INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Mineral and Energy Resources > Solar Energy > p. 61
The statement concerns piped natural gas for cooking; several references describe PNG and its emergence as a household cooking fuel with expanding gas infrastructure.
PNG/City Gas Distribution is a high-yield topic linking energy infrastructure, urban services and fuel substitution in households. UPSC questions often probe infrastructure expansion, urban energy supply and policy implications; mastering this helps answer questions on energy access, distribution networks and implications for cooking/transport fuels. Study official reports and NCERT excerpts on gas distribution and note connections to CNG/PNG deployment patterns.
- INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Mineral and Energy Resources > Natural Gas > p. 61
- NCERT. (2022). Contemporary India II: Textbook in Geography for Class X (Revised ed.). NCERT. > Chapter 5: Print Culture and the Modern World > Natural Gas > p. 115
- Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 27: Fuel and Power > PETROLEUM > p. 268
References show major end-uses of natural gas (power, fertiliser, cooking) and note production shortfalls and imports—factors that affect availability for household PNG.
Understanding sectoral allocation and supply constraints is crucial for evaluating whether policies or market mechanisms can expand PNG for kitchens. UPSC may ask about energy security, resource allocation and import dependence; link these to policy choices and trade-offs. Focus on consumption breakdowns, production trends and implications for domestic fuel availability.
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 8: Energy Resources > Natural Gas > p. 17
- Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 15: Infrastructure > Natural Gas > p. 447
- Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > natural gas as a Resource > p. 15
Evidence on policy measures to promote clean cooking (free LPG connections and refills) is relevant when comparing promotion of LPG versus PNG for household kitchens.
Policies promoting clean cooking (like free LPG connections) illustrate governmental levers to change household fuel use—important for GS mains and prelims on social policy and public health. UPSC aspirants should link such schemes to outcomes (health, adoption rates) and to comparative policy options (LPG subsidies vs. PNG network expansion). Learn scheme design, target groups and measurable impacts from NCERTs and policy summaries.
- Economics, Class IX . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 3: Poverty as a Challenge > Anti-Poverty Measures > p. 40
Several references identify CNG as a preferred/alternative transport fuel and list its use in vehicles and cities.
High-yield for environment and energy sections: explains fuel substitution in transport, links to questions on air pollution mitigation and energy transition. Learn sources that describe alternate fuels, their advantages/limitations, and contextual examples (e.g., Delhi).
- Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 23: India and Climate Change > 23.r3.r. Clean Air Initiatives > p. 315
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 17: Contemporary Issues > 1. Air Pollution > p. 38
- INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Mineral and Energy Resources > Natural Gas > p. 61
Virtual Net Metering (VNM): This allows consumers (like apartment owners) without suitable roofs to own a share of a community solar plant and receive bill credits. It is the logical next step in policy evolution.
Etymological Logic: 'Net' implies a balance between Import and Export (Two-way flow).
- Water (D) and Piped Gas (B) are one-way flows (Utility to House); you don't pump water back to the municipality.
- CNG (C) is a tank fill-up (one-way).
- Only Solar (A) allows a household to generate electricity and send it back to the grid, making 'Net' measurement logically necessary.
GS3 (Energy & Infrastructure): Net Metering transforms a consumer into a 'Prosumer' (Producer + Consumer). This decentralization aids energy security but creates financial stress for DISCOMs (revenue loss), a key debate in power sector reforms.