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Q100 (IAS/2018) Economy › Agriculture & Rural Economy › Sustainable farming practices Official Key

With reference to organic farming in India, consider the following statements : 1. 'The National Programme for Organic Production' (NPOP) is operated under the guidelines and directions of the Union Ministry of Rural Development. 2. 'The Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority' (APEDA) functions as the Secretariat for the implementation of NPOP. 3. Sikkim has become India's first fully organic State. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

Result
Your answer: —  ·  Correct: B
Explanation

The correct answer is option B (statements 2 and 3 only).

**Statement 1 is incorrect:** The National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP) is operated under the overall guidance and directions of the Department of Commerce, Government of India[1], not the Union Ministry of Rural Development.

**Statement 2 is correct:** The National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP) was launched in 2001 by the Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Govt of India for exports of Organic products and APEDA acts as the Secretariat for the implementation of the NPOP[2].

**Statement 3 is correct:** Sikkim implemented organic practices in around 75,000 hectares of agricultural land as per the guidelines of NPOP and became India's first fully organic State in 2015[3]. This makes Sikkim a pioneering example of state-level organic transition in India.

Therefore, only statements 2 and 3 are correct, making option B the right answer.

Sources
  1. [1] https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/org_farm/pdf/NPOP%208th%20Edition%20.pdf
  2. [2] https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2148991
  3. [3] Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > Importance: > p. 311
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Each bar shows the % of students who chose that option. Green bar = correct answer, blue outline = your choice.
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PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
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Don’t just practise – reverse-engineer the question. This panel shows where this PYQ came from (books / web), how the examiner broke it into hidden statements, and which nearby micro-concepts you were supposed to learn from it. Treat it like an autopsy of the question: what might have triggered it, which exact lines in the book matter, and what linked ideas you should carry forward to future questions.
Q. With reference to organic farming in India, consider the following statements : 1. 'The National Programme for Organic Production' (NPOP…
At a glance
Origin: Books + Current Affairs Fairness: Moderate fairness Books / CA: 6.7/10 · 3.3/10

This is a classic 'Ministry Swap' trap. The examiner relies on the intuition that 'Organic Farming' must belong to the Ministry of Agriculture or Rural Development. However, since NPOP is primarily an export-standard mechanism, it falls under Commerce. Recognizing this administrative nuance was the key to cracking the question.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
Is the National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP) in India operated under the guidelines and directions of the Union Ministry of Rural Development?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"The National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP) is operated under the overall guidance and directions of the Department of Commerce, Government of India."
Why this source?
  • Directly states which ministry provides overall guidance for NPOP.
  • Names the Department of Commerce, not the Ministry of Rural Development, as the apex authority.
Web source
Presence: 5/5
"The National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP) was launched in 2001 by the Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Govt of India for exports of Organic products and APEDA acts as the Secretariat for the implementation of the NPOP."
Why this source?
  • Confirms the programme was launched by the Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce & Industry.
  • Identifies APEDA as the Secretariat for NPOP implementation under the Department of Commerce.
Web source
Presence: 5/5
"GOVERNMENT OF INDIA Ministry of Commerce & Industry Department of Commerce National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP)"
Why this source?
  • Official NPOP document header associates the programme with the Ministry of Commerce & Industry and Department of Commerce.
  • Supports that NPOP is a Department of Commerce/Ministry of Commerce & Industry initiative rather than Ministry of Rural Development.

Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 11: Agriculture - Part II > 11.9 Organic Farming > p. 346
Strength: 5/5
“All products labelled as organic shall be required to be certified either under NPOP or PGS-India and shall bear logo of Jaivik Bharat (FSSAI organic food logo) along with the concerned certification programme (PGS-India or NPOP) logo. The organic regulations allow import of organic food into India without being re-certified in India if the organic standards of the exporting country have been recognised as equivalent to NPOP. NPOP: The National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP) is a third-party certification programme, run by the ministry of commerce and industries since 2001, which lays down the norms governing the production of organic food.”
Why relevant

Explicitly states NPOP is a third-party certification programme run by the Ministry of Commerce and Industries since 2001 — gives a direct alternative institutional home.

How to extend

A student could check official ministry responsibilities (Commerce & Industry vs Rural Development) or APEDA's parent ministry to judge the plausibility of the Rural Development claim.

Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > Importance: > p. 311
Strength: 5/5
“For certification of produce as organic, the FSSAI has notified Food Safety & Standards (Organic Foods) Regulation, 2017 which requires organic food to comply with the provisions of any one of the following 2 certification systems: • 1. National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP) being implemented by Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) as per the guidelines of Ministry of Commerce & Industry. • 2. Participatory Guarantee System for India (PGS-India) under Ministry of Agriculture & Farmer's Welfare. Sikkim implemented organic practices in around 75,000 hectares of agricultural land as per the guidelines of NPOP and became India's first fully organic State in 2015.”
Why relevant

Says NPOP is implemented by APEDA 'as per the guidelines of Ministry of Commerce & Industry' when listing certification systems — reinforces Commerce & Industry linkage.

How to extend

Combine this with knowledge that APEDA is under Commerce & Industry to infer which ministry issues operational guidelines for NPOP.

Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 12: Supply Chain and Food Processing Industry > 12.8 Previous Years Questions > p. 375
Strength: 3/5
“• 2. With reference to organic farming in India, consider the following statements: [2018] • (i) The National Programme for Organic Production' (NPOP) is operated under the guidelines and directions of the Union Ministry of Rural Development.• (ii) The Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority' (APEDA) functions as the Secretariat for the implementation of NPOP.• (iii) Sikkim has become India's first fully organic State. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? • (a) (i) & (ii) only• (b) (ii) & (iii) only• (c) (iii) only• (d) (i), (ii) & (iii)”
Why relevant

Presents the assertion (that NPOP is operated under Ministry of Rural Development) as an exam statement to be evaluated, showing it is a claim under scrutiny.

How to extend

Use this to motivate cross-checking authoritative sources (e.g., APEDA, ministry websites) rather than accepting the claim.

Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > 2019 > p. 360
Strength: 3/5
“With reference to organic farming in India, consider the following statements: • 1. "The National Programme for Organic Production' (NPOP) is operated under the guidelines and directions of the Union Ministry of Rural Development. • "The Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority' 2. (APEDA) functions as the Secretariat for the implementation of NPOP. • 3. Sikkim has become India's first fully organic State. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? • (a) 1 and 2 only • (b) 2 and 3 only • (c) 3 only • (d) 1, 2 and 3 • 20. Consider the following statements: The nation-wide 'Soil Health Card Scheme' aims at • 1. expanding the cultivable area under irrigation. • 2. enabling the banks to assess the quantum of loans to be granted to farmers on the basis of soil quality.”
Why relevant

Repeats the same multiple-choice formulation including the Rural Development claim and the APEDA-as-secretariat claim, indicating these are common, testable assertions.

How to extend

A student could use the repeated exam framing to prioritize verifying which ministry actually oversees/frames NPOP rules (Commerce vs Rural Development).

Statement 2
Does the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) serve as the Secretariat for implementing the National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP) in India?
Origin: Direct from books Fairness: Straightforward Book-answerable
From standard books
Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > Importance: > p. 311
Presence: 5/5
“For certification of produce as organic, the FSSAI has notified Food Safety & Standards (Organic Foods) Regulation, 2017 which requires organic food to comply with the provisions of any one of the following 2 certification systems: • 1. National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP) being implemented by Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) as per the guidelines of Ministry of Commerce & Industry. • 2. Participatory Guarantee System for India (PGS-India) under Ministry of Agriculture & Farmer's Welfare. Sikkim implemented organic practices in around 75,000 hectares of agricultural land as per the guidelines of NPOP and became India's first fully organic State in 2015.”
Why this source?
  • Explicitly states NPOP is being implemented by APEDA.
  • Links NPOP to certification of organic produce under FSSAI regulations.
Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 11: Agriculture - Part II > 11.9 Organic Farming > p. 346
Presence: 4/5
“All products labelled as organic shall be required to be certified either under NPOP or PGS-India and shall bear logo of Jaivik Bharat (FSSAI organic food logo) along with the concerned certification programme (PGS-India or NPOP) logo. The organic regulations allow import of organic food into India without being re-certified in India if the organic standards of the exporting country have been recognised as equivalent to NPOP. NPOP: The National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP) is a third-party certification programme, run by the ministry of commerce and industries since 2001, which lays down the norms governing the production of organic food.”
Why this source?
  • Describes NPOP as run by the Ministry of Commerce & Industry since 2001, aligning with APEDA's parent ministry.
  • Supports the administrative linkage that places NPOP implementation within commerce ministry structures.
Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 13: Food Processing Industry in India > AGRICULTURAL AND PROCESSED FOOD PRODUCTS EXPORT DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (APEDA) > p. 409
Presence: 3/5
“• This was established in 1986 to replace the Processed Food Export Promotion Council (PFEPC). • APEDA functions under the Ministry of Commerce & Industry. • The authority is responsible for providing financial assistance, conducting surveys, studies, subsidy schemes, etc., for the export of processed food from India.”
Why this source?
  • States APEDA functions under the Ministry of Commerce & Industry.
  • Describes APEDA's institutional role (financial assistance, export-related functions) consistent with acting as implementing/secretariat body.
Statement 3
Has Sikkim been officially declared India's first fully organic state in the context of organic farming in India?
Origin: Direct from books Fairness: Straightforward Book-answerable
From standard books
Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 11: Agriculture - Part II > 11.9 Organic Farming > p. 345
Presence: 5/5
“Among all the states, Madhya Pradesh has covered largest area under organic certification followed by Himachal Pradesh and Rajasthan. Sikkim is the first truly Organic state of India in January 2016, as declared by PM Narendra Modi. Organic products produced in India includes all varieties of food products namely Sugarcane, Oil Seeds, Cereals & Millets, Cotton, Pulses, Medicinal Plants, Tea, Fruits, Spices, Dry Fruits, Vegetables, Coffee, cotton fibre etc. Organic Products and Certification: Once used to refer to a natural, balanced and ecofriendly system of farming, the definition of 'organic' has become a lot more specific in recent years. With the rules governing certification of organic food becoming more stringent, the term is used solely to refer to foods produced without using chemical pesticides, fertilisers or genetically modified raw materials and processed without using chemical additives or other synthetic substances.”
Why this source?
  • Directly states Sikkim is the first 'truly Organic state' and attributes a declaration to PM Narendra Modi (January 2016).
  • Specifies the claim in the context of organic farming, making it a direct support for the statement.
Exploring Society:India and Beyond ,Social Science, Class VIII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 1: Natural Resources and Their Use > A caselet from Sikkim > p. 17
Presence: 5/5
“The family switched to compost, prepared natural pest repellents using neem and garlic, and started growing multiple crops across the year. After about five years, Pema's farm was thriving. She was able to sell her cardamom, ginger, and traditional vegetables at premium prices. In 2016, Sikkim became a 100 per cent organic state with all of its farmland certified organic. The effects were transformational — local biodiversity flourished, with beneficial insects and birds returning; tourism increased as visitors came to see the organic farming model, and farmers' incomes grew by 20 per cent on average. Today, Sikkim serves as a global model, demonstrating that an entire region can successfully transition to sustainable agricultural practices while improving both ecological and economic outcomes.”
Why this source?
  • NCERT caselet explicitly says 'In 2016, Sikkim became a 100 per cent organic state' with farmland certified organic.
  • Provides corroborating detail on certification and outcomes, reinforcing the claim of full organic status.
Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > Importance: > p. 311
Presence: 4/5
“For certification of produce as organic, the FSSAI has notified Food Safety & Standards (Organic Foods) Regulation, 2017 which requires organic food to comply with the provisions of any one of the following 2 certification systems: • 1. National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP) being implemented by Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) as per the guidelines of Ministry of Commerce & Industry. • 2. Participatory Guarantee System for India (PGS-India) under Ministry of Agriculture & Farmer's Welfare. Sikkim implemented organic practices in around 75,000 hectares of agricultural land as per the guidelines of NPOP and became India's first fully organic State in 2015.”
Why this source?
  • States Sikkim implemented organic practices over about 75,000 hectares as per NPOP guidelines and 'became India's first fully organic State'.
  • Links Sikkim's status to formal implementation under recognized certification guidelines (NPOP).
Pattern takeaway: UPSC consistently tests 'Administrative Parentage'. If a scheme's name suggests one ministry (e.g., Organic = Agriculture/Rural) but the actual nodal ministry is different (Commerce), it becomes a high-probability question. Always verify the parent ministry for cross-sectoral bodies.
How you should have studied
  1. [THE VERDICT]: Trap (Statement 1) + Sitter (Statement 3). Solvable via logical elimination. Source: Standard Economy texts (Singhania/Vivek Singh) or Yearbooks.
  2. [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: Institutional Framework of Agriculture Exports. Whenever you study a scheme (NPOP), immediately map: Nodal Ministry vs. Implementing Agency.
  3. [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Contrast NPOP (Ministry of Commerce, Third-party certification, Export-focused) with PGS-India (Ministry of Agriculture, Peer-review certification, Domestic-focused). Memorize 'Jaivik Bharat' (FSSAI logo). Note Lakshadweep (First Organic UT, 2020).
  4. [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Do not memorize facts in isolation. If Statement 2 says APEDA (an Export body) is the secretariat, ask yourself: 'Does an Export body report to the Ministry of Rural Development?' The internal contradiction exposes the trap in Statement 1.
Concept hooks from this question
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 NPOP administration — APEDA & Ministry of Commerce & Industry
💡 The insight

References identify NPOP as implemented/run by APEDA and linked to the Ministry of Commerce & Industry, directly bearing on which ministry oversees NPOP.

High-yield for UPSC MCQs and mains answers about institutional responsibility for agricultural/organic certification; links trade/export institutions (APEDA) with agricultural policy and regulatory frameworks. Knowing the correct ministry helps eliminate distractors in objective questions and frames answers on policy ownership.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 11: Agriculture - Part II > 11.9 Organic Farming > p. 346
  • Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > Importance: > p. 311
🔗 Anchor: "Is the National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP) in India operated under ..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Two certification systems for organic food: NPOP vs PGS-India
💡 The insight

Evidence contrasts NPOP (third-party/APEDA) with PGS-India (participatory system under Ministry of Agriculture & Farmer's Welfare), clarifying different certification routes and their administrative homes.

Useful for questions on regulatory regimes, food safety (FSSAI), and farmer-oriented schemes; mastering distinctions helps answer questions on certification, export equivalence, and institutional mandates across ministries.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 11: Agriculture - Part II > 11.9 Organic Farming > p. 346
  • Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > Importance: > p. 311
🔗 Anchor: "Is the National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP) in India operated under ..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 FSSAI organic regulations and labeling (Jaivik Bharat) & equivalence rules
💡 The insight

References mention FSSAI's organic regulation requiring NPOP/PGS certification, Jaivik Bharat labeling, and acceptance of equivalent foreign standards — tying certification to regulatory compliance and trade.

Important for policy and governance questions linking food safety, consumer information, and international trade; helps frame answers on implementation mechanisms, standards recognition, and inter-ministerial coordination.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 11: Agriculture - Part II > 11.9 Organic Farming > p. 346
  • Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > Importance: > p. 311
🔗 Anchor: "Is the National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP) in India operated under ..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 APEDA as implementing agency for NPOP (Ministry linkage)
💡 The insight

References identify NPOP implementation with APEDA and place both under the Ministry of Commerce & Industry, clarifying administrative responsibility.

High-yield for UPSC: questions often ask which ministry/agency implements major agricultural schemes. Mastering agency–ministry linkages helps answer governance and scheme-identification items and connects to topics on export promotion and regulatory roles.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > Importance: > p. 311
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 11: Agriculture - Part II > 11.9 Organic Farming > p. 346
  • Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 13: Food Processing Industry in India > AGRICULTURAL AND PROCESSED FOOD PRODUCTS EXPORT DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (APEDA) > p. 409
🔗 Anchor: "Does the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Organic certification frameworks: NPOP vs PGS-India
💡 The insight

Evidence lists two certification systems (NPOP implemented by APEDA; PGS-India under Agriculture Ministry) used for organic labelling and exports.

Important for UPSC prelims and mains policy questions on standards and certification. Understanding multiple certification routes clarifies export eligibility, regulatory jurisdiction, and inter-ministerial coordination topics.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > Importance: > p. 311
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 11: Agriculture - Part II > 11.9 Organic Farming > p. 346
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 11: Agriculture - Part II > 11.9 Organic Farming > p. 345
🔗 Anchor: "Does the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Export-related certification requirement for organic produce
💡 The insight

References note APEDA's export mandate and that third‑party/NPOP certification is required for exports, linking APEDA's export role to NPOP enforcement.

Useful for questions on trade policy and sectoral regulation; shows how an implementing agency enforces standards for international market access. Helps answer questions on export promotion bodies and compliance mechanisms.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 11: Agriculture - Part II > Following are the various challenges faced by organic farming/products in India: > p. 348
  • Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > Importance: > p. 311
🔗 Anchor: "Does the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S3
👉 Certification frameworks for organic produce (NPOP, PGS-India, FSSAI)
💡 The insight

References reference NPOP, APEDA, PGS-India and FSSAI rules when discussing how organic produce and state-level claims are validated.

High-yield for UPSC: questions often ask about institutional mechanisms and standards for agricultural certification. Understanding NPOP vs PGS-India and FSSAI roles helps answer policy, trade and regulatory questions; connects to ministries, export rules and food safety topics.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > Importance: > p. 311
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 11: Agriculture - Part II > 11.9 Organic Farming > p. 346
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 11: Agriculture - Part II > 11.9 Organic Farming > p. 345
🔗 Anchor: "Has Sikkim been officially declared India's first fully organic state in the con..."
🌑 The Hidden Trap

While Sikkim was the first State, Lakshadweep was declared the first fully organic Union Territory in 2020. Also, verify 'PGS-India' (Participatory Guarantee System)—it is the domestic alternative to NPOP and falls under the Ministry of Agriculture, not Commerce.

⚡ Elimination Cheat Code

Use 'Internal Inconsistency'. Statement 2 mentions APEDA. Any serious aspirant knows APEDA deals with Exports (Commerce Ministry). Statement 1 claims the programme is under the Ministry of Rural Development. It is bureaucratically impossible for a Commerce body (APEDA) to act as the Secretariat for a Rural Development programme. Thus, 1 and 2 cannot coexist. Since options are [A] 1&2, [B] 2&3, [C] 3, [D] 1,2&3, eliminating 1 removes [A] and [D]. You are left with [B] or [C]. Knowing Sikkim is organic (widely publicized) confirms 3. Knowing APEDA's role confirms 2.

🔗 Mains Connection

Connect NPOP to International Relations & WTO: Organic certification acts as a Technical Barrier to Trade (TBT) or Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) measure. Indian organic exports often face rejection in the EU/USA due to 'residue limits', making NPOP's strict enforcement a diplomatic trade issue.

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