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Q70 (IAS/2018) History & Culture › National Movement (1857–1947) › Labour movement and legislation Official Key

Who among the following were the founders of the "Hind Mazdoor Sabha" established in 1948 ?

Result
Your answer: —  ·  Correct: D
Explanation

HMS was founded in Calcutta during the trade union conference from 24th to 26th December 1948.[1] The founders included Basawon Singh, Ashok Mehta, R.S. Ruikar, Maniben Kara, Shibnath Banerjee, R.A. Khedgikar, T.S. Ramanujam, V.S. Mathur,[2] and G.G. Mehta. Among the given options, option D correctly identifies three of the actual founders: Ashok Mehta, T.S. Ramanujam, and G.G. Mehta. The other options list individuals who were not associated with the founding of Hind Mazdoor Sabha - option A mentions Communist leaders, option B includes leaders from different political movements (though Jayaprakash Narayan had some later association with HMS), and option C lists figures from entirely different political backgrounds. Therefore, option D is the correct answer as it accurately identifies three genuine founders of the Hind Mazdoor Sabha established in 1948.

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Don’t just practise – reverse-engineer the question. This panel shows where this PYQ came from (books / web), how the examiner broke it into hidden statements, and which nearby micro-concepts you were supposed to learn from it. Treat it like an autopsy of the question: what might have triggered it, which exact lines in the book matter, and what linked ideas you should carry forward to future questions.
Q. Who among the following were the founders of the "Hind Mazdoor Sabha" established in 1948 ? [A] B. Krishna Pillai, E.M.S. Namboodiripad …
At a glance
Origin: Mostly Current Affairs Fairness: Low / Borderline fairness Books / CA: 0/10 · 2.5/10
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This question masquerades as a factual bouncer but is actually a 'Logical Elimination' test. While standard texts (Spectrum) barely mention HMS founders, they extensively cover the political ideologies of the options. You solve this by matching the 'Socialist' nature of HMS with the 'Socialist' leader Ashok Mehta, while eliminating Communists (Option A) and Right-wing figures (Option B).

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
Were B. Krishna Pillai, E.M.S. Namboodiripad and K.C. George founders of the Hind Mazdoor Sabha established in 1948?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 39: After Nehru... > Civil Disobedience Movement > p. 810
Strength: 4/5
“Jawaharlal Nehru was actively involved in the movement and was arrested on April 17, 1930 for defiance of the salt law. He formulated a radical agrarian programme and suggested formation of the Constituent Assembly as the prime political slogan. P. Krishna Pillai defended the national flag and resisted lathicharge on the Calicut beach on November 11, 1930. He later founded the Kerala Communist Movement. Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan formed a clan of non-violent revolutionaries, the Khudai Khidmatgars (known as Red Shirts), who played an active role in the movement. Sarojini Naidu, the first Indian woman to become the president of the Congress, was involved in a march towards the Dharsana Salt Works, a government salt depot.”
Why relevant

Identifies P. Krishna Pillai as a founder of the Kerala Communist movement — shows Kerala communist leaders in that era did found major political organizations.

How to extend

A student could check whether leaders active in Kerala communist politics around 1948 also participated in creating national labour bodies like Hind Mazdoor Sabha.

Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 19: Civil Disobedience Movement and Round Table Conferences > Satyagraha at Different Places > p. 373
Strength: 3/5
“Unemployed weavers attacked liquor shops and police pickets at Gudiyattam, while the peasants, suffering from falling prices, rioted at Bodinayakanur in Madura. ● Malabar K. Kelappan, a Nair Congress leader famed for the Vaikom Satyagraha, organised salt marches. P. Krishna Pillai, the future founder of the Kerala Communist movement, heroically defended the national flag in the face of police lathi-charge on Calicut beach in November 1930. ● Andhra Region District salt marches were organised in east and west Godavari, Krishna and Guntur. A number of sibirams (military style camps) were set up to serve as the headquarters of the Salt Satyagraha.”
Why relevant

Also records P. Krishna Pillai's prominent activist role in the 1930s and later as founder of the Kerala Communist movement — indicates continuity from regional political activism to institutional founding roles.

How to extend

Use this pattern (regional activist → founder of organizations) and look up records of labour union foundations in 1948 for involvement of such activists.

Politics in India since Independence, Textbook in political science for Class XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 2: Era of One-party Dominance > Congress as social and ideological coalition > p. 37
Strength: 4/5
“A. K. Gopalan, S.A. Dange, E.M.S. Namboodiripad, P.C. Joshi, Ajay Ghosh and P. Sundarraya were among the notable leaders of the CPI. The Party went through a major split in 1964 following the ideological rift between Soviet Union and China. The pro-Soviet faction remained as the CPI, while the opponents formed the CPI(M). Both these parties continue to exist to this day. A.K. Gopalan (1904-1977): Communist leader from Kerala, worked as a Congress worker initially; joined the Communist Party in 1939; after the split in the Communist Party in 1964, joined the CPI (M) and worked for strengthening the party; respected as a parliamentarian; Member of Parliament from 1952.”
Why relevant

Lists E.M.S. Namboodiripad among notable CPI leaders — confirms he was a prominent communist figure who might plausibly be involved in labour movement initiatives.

How to extend

Cross-reference prominent CPI leaders' activities in 1947–49 (using external timelines) to see if they helped establish national trade unions such as Hind Mazdoor Sabha.

Democratic Politics-I. Political Science-Class IX . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 2: CONSTITUTIONAL DESIGN > G. Durgabai Deshmukh (1909-1981) born: Andhra Pradesh. Advocate and public activist for women's emancipation. Founder of Andhra Mahila Sabha. Congress leader. Later: Founder Chairperson of Central Social Welfare Board. > p. 25
Strength: 2/5
“G. Durgabai Deshmukh (1909-1981) born: Andhra Pradesh. Advocate and public activist for women's emancipation. Founder of Andhra Mahila Sabha. Congress leader. Later: Founder, Chairperson of Central Social Welfare Board. elected mainly by the members of the existing Provincial Legislatures that we mentioned above. This ensured a fair geographical share of members from all the regions of the country. The Assembly was dominated by the Indian National Congress, the party that led India's freedom struggle. But the Congress itself included a variety of political groups and opinions. The Assembly had many members who did not agree with the Congress. Finally, the manner in which the Constituent Assembly worked gives sanctity to the Constitution.”
Why relevant

Gives examples of political leaders founding formal organizations (e.g., G. Durgabai Deshmukh founding Andhra Mahila Sabha), establishing a general pattern that political activists often become organizational founders.

How to extend

Apply this general rule to the named individuals: investigate whether these specific activists transitioned into founding or leading labour organisations in 1948.

Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 39: After Nehru... > Appendices ✫ 813 > p. 813
Strength: 2/5
“Mahars, attended the Round Table Conference in 1930. However, the Congress failed to win over the political agitation of the Mahars. Gopabandhu Chaudhuri popularised the movement in Orissa and led the salt satyagraha in the coastal areas of Balasore, Cuttack and Puri districts. Tarunaram Phookan and N.C. Bardoloi, two prominent Congress leaders, were against the movement in Assam. They refused to take up forest satyagraha officially. Jadunandan Sharma activated the Kisan Sabha Movement in Gaya district of Bihar. Duggirala Balaramakrishnaya of the Krishna district initiated a no-revenue campaign in 1931 in coastal Andhra. He also wrote a Telugu ballad Gandhi Gita which aroused patriotic sentiments.”
Why relevant

Shows the text contains many regional leaders who led mass/political movements and founded organizations, implying the source treats leadership-to-foundership as common.

How to extend

Use the source's pattern of documenting founders to search within similar sources or appendices for a listing of founders of Hind Mazdoor Sabha in 1948.

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Statement analysis

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Statement analysis

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