Question map
Economically, one of the results of the British rule in India in the 19th century was the
Explanation
The correct answer is option C because in the latter half of the nineteenth century, a significant trend was the emergence of the commercialisation of agriculture[1]. Agriculture began to be influenced by commercial considerations, with certain specialised crops grown not for consumption in the village but for sale in the national and even international markets[1].
Option A is incorrect because British rule actually led to the ruin of Indian handicrafts and artisans due to competition from British machine-made goods. Option B is incorrect as Indian-owned industries suffered from many handicaps—credit problems, no tariff protection by Government, unequal competition from foreign companies, and stiff opposition from British capitalist interests[2], limiting their growth. Option D is incorrect because British conquest led to the deindustrialisation of the country and increased dependence of the people on agriculture, with the percentage of population dependent on agriculture increasing from 63.7 per cent to 70 per cent between 1901 and 1941[3], indicating rural concentration rather than rapid urbanization.
Sources- [1] Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 28: Economic Impact of British Rule in India > Commercialisation of Indian Agriculture > p. 544
- [2] Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 28: Economic Impact of British Rule in India > Destruction of Industry and Late Development of Modern Industry > p. 547
- [3] Modern India ,Bipin Chandra, History class XII (NCERT 1982 ed.)[Old NCERT] > Chapter 11: Economic Impact of the British Rule > Ruin of Artisans and Craftsmen > p. 184
PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
Guest previewThis is a foundational 'Economic History' question directly from the 'Economic Impact of British Rule' chapter in Spectrum or Old NCERT (Bipin Chandra). It tests the 'Colonial Triad': Deindustrialization, Commercialization of Agriculture, and Drain of Wealth. If you missed this, your core history reading is incomplete.
This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.
- Statement 1: Did British rule in India in the 19th century lead to an increase in the export of Indian handicrafts?
- Statement 2: Did British rule in India in the 19th century lead to growth in the number of Indian-owned factories?
- Statement 3: Did British rule in India in the 19th century cause the commercialization of Indian agriculture?
- Statement 4: Did British rule in India in the 19th century cause a rapid increase in the urban population?
Gives a general pattern: 19th-century collapse of Indian handicrafts caused by competition from cheaper British manufactures and free-trade policies plus high import duties in Europe that closed markets.
A student could combine this with trade-route and market-demand facts (e.g., where European markets were and when they mattered) to infer whether handicraft exports would plausibly rise or fall.
States British policy imposed heavy duties on Indian textiles into Britain while allowing British goods into India, and explicitly says India's textile exports fell sharply in the 19th century.
One could compare export volumes/ports (basic external trade statistics or maps of trading links) to judge whether handicraft exports could have increased despite this policy.
Describes the dramatic rise of British cotton goods imports into India (Manchester goods) and notes the collapse of both export and domestic markets for Indian weavers.
Using knowledge of industrial output growth in Britain and timeline (e.g., Industrial Revolution → mechanised exports), a student can assess likelihood of increased handicraft exports from India.
Notes that Britain maintained high duties on several categories of Indian goods so their export to Britain 'virtually ceased'—a rule-like example of trade barriers limiting exports.
A student could check which handicraft items faced duties and whether alternative markets (non-British Europe, colonial markets) existed geographically to absorb exports.
Provides a qualifying pattern: textile exports did not initially decline after 1760s because British industry had not yet expanded, implying exports can change over time with industrial development.
A student might use this temporal pattern plus dates of British industrial expansion to judge if handicraft exports could have increased in early vs. later 19th century.
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