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Q52 (IAS/2018) History & Culture › Modern India (Pre-1857) › Colonial economic impact Official Key

Economically, one of the results of the British rule in India in the 19th century was the

Result
Your answer:  ·  Correct: C
Explanation

The correct answer is option C because in the latter half of the nineteenth century, a significant trend was the emergence of the commercialisation of agriculture[1]. Agriculture began to be influenced by commercial considerations, with certain specialised crops grown not for consumption in the village but for sale in the national and even international markets[1].

Option A is incorrect because British rule actually led to the ruin of Indian handicrafts and artisans due to competition from British machine-made goods. Option B is incorrect as Indian-owned industries suffered from many handicaps—credit problems, no tariff protection by Government, unequal competition from foreign companies, and stiff opposition from British capitalist interests[2], limiting their growth. Option D is incorrect because British conquest led to the deindustrialisation of the country and increased dependence of the people on agriculture, with the percentage of population dependent on agriculture increasing from 63.7 per cent to 70 per cent between 1901 and 1941[3], indicating rural concentration rather than rapid urbanization.

Sources
  1. [1] Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 28: Economic Impact of British Rule in India > Commercialisation of Indian Agriculture > p. 544
  2. [2] Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 28: Economic Impact of British Rule in India > Destruction of Industry and Late Development of Modern Industry > p. 547
  3. [3] Modern India ,Bipin Chandra, History class XII (NCERT 1982 ed.)[Old NCERT] > Chapter 11: Economic Impact of the British Rule > Ruin of Artisans and Craftsmen > p. 184
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Don’t just practise – reverse-engineer the question. This panel shows where this PYQ came from (books / web), how the examiner broke it into hidden statements, and which nearby micro-concepts you were supposed to learn from it. Treat it like an autopsy of the question: what might have triggered it, which exact lines in the book matter, and what linked ideas you should carry forward to future questions.
Q. Economically, one of the results of the British rule in India in the 19th century was the [A] increase in the export of Indian handicraf…
At a glance
Origin: Mixed / unclear origin Fairness: Moderate fairness Books / CA: 5/10 · 0/10
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This is a foundational 'Economic History' question directly from the 'Economic Impact of British Rule' chapter in Spectrum or Old NCERT (Bipin Chandra). It tests the 'Colonial Triad': Deindustrialization, Commercialization of Agriculture, and Drain of Wealth. If you missed this, your core history reading is incomplete.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
Did British rule in India in the 19th century lead to an increase in the export of Indian handicrafts?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 6: Indian Economy [1947 – 2014] > 6.1 Impact of British Rule on Indian Economy > p. 202
Strength: 5/5
“• 2. During the 19th century, there was a quick collapse of the Indian handicraft and artisanal industries largely because of two reasons: First, the competition from the cheaper imported manufacturers of Britain together with the policy of free trade imposed on India. And secondly, Britain and other European countries imposed high import duties on Indian goods. This led to the virtual closing of European markets to Indian manufacturers after 1820. The ruined artisans failed to find alternative employment and crowed into agriculture as tenants, share croppers and agricultural labourers which were followed by an extreme subdivision of land into small holdings and fragmentation.• 3.”
Why relevant

Gives a general pattern: 19th-century collapse of Indian handicrafts caused by competition from cheaper British manufactures and free-trade policies plus high import duties in Europe that closed markets.

How to extend

A student could combine this with trade-route and market-demand facts (e.g., where European markets were and when they mattered) to infer whether handicraft exports would plausibly rise or fall.

Exploring Society:India and Beyond ,Social Science, Class VIII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 4: The Colonial Era in India > LET'S EXPLORE > p. 100
Strength: 5/5
“Do you understand all the terms used above to list and describe Indian textiles? If not, form groups of four or five and try to find out more, then compare your findings with the help of your teacher. British policy imposed heavy duties on Indian textiles imported into Britain while forcing India to accept British manufactured goods with minimal tariffs. Moreover, Britain now controlled most of the sea trade as well as exchange rates, so Indian traders found it difficult to export as earlier. The result was the ruin of Indian textile industry. In the 19th century, India's textile exports fell sharply, while Britain's imports into India grew even more sharply.”
Why relevant

States British policy imposed heavy duties on Indian textiles into Britain while allowing British goods into India, and explicitly says India's textile exports fell sharply in the 19th century.

How to extend

One could compare export volumes/ports (basic external trade statistics or maps of trading links) to judge whether handicraft exports could have increased despite this policy.

India and the Contemporary World – II. History-Class X . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 4: The Age of Industrialisation > 3.3 Manchester Comes to India > p. 92
Strength: 4/5
“At the same time industrialists persuaded the East India Company to sell British manufactures in Indian markets as well. Exports of British cotton goods increased dramatically in the early nineteenth century. At the end of the eighteenth century there had been virtually no import of cotton piece-goods into India. But by 1850 cotton piece-goods constituted over 31 per cent of the value of Indian imports; and by the 1870s this figure was over 50 per cent. Cotton weavers in India thus faced two problems at the same time: their export market collapsed, and the local market shrank, being glutted with Manchester imports.”
Why relevant

Describes the dramatic rise of British cotton goods imports into India (Manchester goods) and notes the collapse of both export and domestic markets for Indian weavers.

How to extend

Using knowledge of industrial output growth in Britain and timeline (e.g., Industrial Revolution → mechanised exports), a student can assess likelihood of increased handicraft exports from India.

Modern India ,Bipin Chandra, History class XII (NCERT 1982 ed.)[Old NCERT] > Chapter 5: The Structure of the Government and the Economic Policies of the British Empire in India, 1757—1857 > British Economic Policies in India, 1757-1857 > p. 97
Strength: 4/5
“The British would not take in Indian goods on fair and equal terms even at this stage when their industries had achieved technological superiority over Indian handicrafts. Duties in Britain on several categories of Indian goods continued to be high till their export to Britain virtually ceased. It was stated in evidence, that the cotton and silk goods of India up to this period.”
Why relevant

Notes that Britain maintained high duties on several categories of Indian goods so their export to Britain 'virtually ceased'—a rule-like example of trade barriers limiting exports.

How to extend

A student could check which handicraft items faced duties and whether alternative markets (non-British Europe, colonial markets) existed geographically to absorb exports.

India and the Contemporary World – II. History-Class X . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 4: The Age of Industrialisation > 3.2 What Happened to Weavers? > p. 90
Strength: 3/5
“The consolidation of East India Company power after the 1760s did not initially lead to a decline in textile exports from India. British cotton industries had not yet expanded and Indian fine textiles were in great demand in Europe. So the company was keen on expanding textile exports from India. Before establishing political power in Bengal and Carnatic in the 1760s and 1770s, the East India Company had found it difficult to ensure a regular supply of goods for export. The French, Dutch,”
Why relevant

Provides a qualifying pattern: textile exports did not initially decline after 1760s because British industry had not yet expanded, implying exports can change over time with industrial development.

How to extend

A student might use this temporal pattern plus dates of British industrial expansion to judge if handicraft exports could have increased in early vs. later 19th century.

Statement analysis

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Statement analysis

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Statement analysis

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SIMILAR QUESTIONS

CDS-II · 2014 · Q81 Relevance score: 3.63

Under the forceful thrust of British rule, a rapid transformation of the Indian economy took place. In this context, which of the following statements is /are correct ? i 1. Indian economy was transformed into a colonial economy in the 19th century whose- structure was deter- mined by Britain’s fast developing industrial economy. 2. The influx of cheap Indian products into England gave a great blow to English textile industries. 3. The 19th century saw the collapse of the traditional Indian village economy and fresh economic alignment along commercial lines. Select the correct answer using the code given below:

CDS-II · 2010 · Q98 Relevance score: 2.76

Which one of the following was not a result of British Colonial rule in India ?

CAPF · 2012 · Q48 Relevance score: 2.34

Statement I : The economy of India in the 19th century came to a state of ruin under the English East India Company. Statement I : The English East India Company’s acquisition of Diwani right led to the miseries of the peasants and those associated with the traditional handicrafts industry of India.

IAS · 1999 · Q42 Relevance score: 2.17

There was no independent development of industries in India during British rule because of the

CDS-II · 2013 · Q7 Relevance score: 2.13

Statement I : The economy of India in the 19th century came to a state of ruin under English East India Company. Statement II : English East India Company’s acquisition of Dtwani right led to the miseries of the peasants and those associated with the traditional handicrafts industry of India.