Question map
Not attempted Correct Incorrect β˜… Bookmarked
Loading…
Q55 (IAS/2019) Environment & Ecology β€Ί Environment Laws, Policies & Institutions (India) β€Ί Forest Rights Act Official Key

Consider the following statements : 1. As per recent amendment to the Indian Forest Act, 1927, forest dwellers have the right to fell the bamboos grown on forest areas. 2. As per the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, bamboo is a minor forest produce. 3. The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 allows ownership of minor forest produce to forest dwellers. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Result
Your answer: β€”  Β·  Correct: B
Explanation

The correct answer is option B (statements 2 and 3 only).

The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 (FRA) grants legal recognition to the rights of traditional forest dwelling communities and recognizes thirteen sets of rights that vest forest rights and accord tenurial security to individuals and communities[1]. The Act protects ownership rights of Gram Sabha over minor forest-produce[3], making statement 3 correct. Statement 2 is also correct as the FRA classifies bamboo as minor forest produce. However, statement 1 is incorrect because the amendment to the Indian Forest Act, 1927 did not grant forest dwellers the right to fell bamboo from forest areas. The amendment related to bamboo actually declassified bamboo grown in non-forest areas, removing it from the definition of "tree" under the Act, thereby allowing its cultivation and use in non-forest lands without requiring permits. The FRA provides for community rights such as nistar, which secure traditional access and entitlements over local forest resources[5], but felling rights in forest areas remain regulated.

Sources
  1. [1] https://meghsja.gov.in/sites/default/files/Reading-Materials/FAQs%20-%20Community%20Rights%20under%20FRA.pdf
  2. [2] https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/19313/1/the_indian_forest_act%2C_1927.pdf
  3. [3] https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/19313/1/the_indian_forest_act%2C_1927.pdf
  4. [4] https://meghsja.gov.in/sites/default/files/Reading-Materials/FAQs%20-%20Community%20Rights%20under%20FRA.pdf
  5. [5] https://meghsja.gov.in/sites/default/files/Reading-Materials/FAQs%20-%20Community%20Rights%20under%20FRA.pdf
How others answered
Each bar shows the % of students who chose that option. Green bar = correct answer, blue outline = your choice.
Community Performance
Out of everyone who attempted this question.
56%
got it right
PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
Full view
Don’t just practise – reverse-engineer the question. This panel shows where this PYQ came from (books / web), how the examiner broke it into hidden statements, and which nearby micro-concepts you were supposed to learn from it. Treat it like an autopsy of the question: what might have triggered it, which exact lines in the book matter, and what linked ideas you should carry forward to future questions.
Q. Consider the following statements : 1. As per recent amendment to the Indian Forest Act, 1927, forest dwellers have the right to fell th…
At a glance
Origin: Mostly Current Affairs Fairness: Low / Borderline fairness Books / CA: 0/10 Β· 3.3/10

This question is a classic 'Current Affairs Trap'. The 2017 amendment regarding bamboo was major news, but the trap lay in the specific geography (forest vs. non-forest areas). You cannot rely solely on headlines; you must read the 'fine print' of legal amendments.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
Does the recent amendment to the Indian Forest Act, 1927 grant forest dwellers the right to fell bamboo grown in forest areas?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 92: World Constitutions > 2019TEST PAPER > p. 756
Strength: 5/5
β€œUPSC Questions on Indian Polity (General Studies-Prelims 2013-2023) '757 β€’ 2. As per the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, bamboo is a minor forest produce. β€’ 3. The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 allows ownership of minor forest produce to forest dwellers. Which of the statements given above are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only β€’ The 44th Amendment to the Constitution of India introduced an Article placing the election of the Prime Minister beyond judicial review. β€’ The Supreme Court of India struck down the 99th Amendment to the Constitution of India as being violative of the independence of judiciary.”
Why relevant

States that under the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, bamboo is classified as a 'minor forest produce' and the Act allows ownership of minor forest produce to forest dwellers.

How to extend

A student could use this to argue that if FRA 2006 already recognises ownership of bamboo as minor forest produce, any amendment to the Indian Forest Act would need to be understood in relation to FRA's pre-existing rights.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 10: Indian Forest > ro.3.2. The Scheduled Tribes And Other Traditional Forest llwellers (Recognition ofForest Rights) Act, 2006 > p. 165
Strength: 4/5
β€œro.3.2. The Scheduled Tribes And Other Traditional Forest Llwelvers (Recognition ofForest Rights) Act, 2006 β€’ The Forest Rights Act, 2006 provides for the restitution of deprived forest rights across India, including both individual rights to cultivated land in forestland and community rights over common property resources. β€’ The Act is significant as it provides scope and historic opportunity of integrating conservation and livelihood rights of the people.”
Why relevant

Explains the Forest Rights Act, 2006 provides restitution of individual and community forest rights, including community rights over common property resources.

How to extend

One could check whether rights to fell bamboo would be encompassed under 'community rights' and compare which law (FRA 2006 vs Indian Forest Act 1927) governs such rights.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 10: Indian Forest > Salient Features > p. 166
Strength: 3/5
β€œβ€’ O Nodal Agency for the implementation is MoIA. β€’ r This Act is applicable for Tribal and Other Traditional Forest Dwelling Communities. β€’ r The Act provides for recognition of forest rights of other traditional forest dwellers provided they have, for at least three generations prior to 12.2005, primarily resided in and have depended on the forest or forest land for bonafide livelihood needs. A "generation" for this purpose would mean a period comprising of 15 years. β€’ The Act provides that no member of a forest dwelling Scheduled Tribe or other traditional forest dwellers shall be evicted or removed from forest land under his occupation till the recognition and verification procedure is completed.​‒”
Why relevant

Details who the Forest Rights Act applies to and that it prevents eviction of forest-dwelling STs/communities until recognition/verification is completed.

How to extend

A student might infer that any change allowing felling of bamboo would interact with FRA processes and protections for dwellers, so one should verify whether the amendment overrides, complements, or conflicts with FRA provisions.

India and the Contemporary World - I. History-Class IX . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 4: Forest Society and Colonialism > Fig.9 – One aisle of a managed poplar forest in Tuscany, Italy. > p. 84
Strength: 3/5
β€œThey planned how much of the plantation area to cut every year. The area cut was then to be replanted so that it was ready to be cut again in some years. After the Forest Act was enacted in 1865, it was amended twice, once in 1878 and then in 1927. The 1878 Act divided forests into three categories: reserved, protected and village forests. The best forests were called 'reserved forests'. Villagers could not take anything from these forests, even for their own use. For house building or fuel, they could take wood from protected or village forests.”
Why relevant

Describes historical Forest Acts (1865, 1878, 1927) and notes that earlier laws created 'reserved forests' from which villagers could not take anything.

How to extend

Use this historical pattern to consider that the 1927 Act traditionally restricted local rights, so an amendment claiming to grant new rights would be a notable departure requiring explicit text or policy change.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 23: India and Climate Change > 23.9.4. Forestry > p. 301
Strength: 2/5
β€œβ€’ India has a strong and rapidly growing afforestation programme. The afforestation process was accelerated by the enactment of the Forest Conservation Act of 1980, which aimed at stopping the clearing and degradation of forests through a strict, centralized control of the rights to use forest land and mandatory requirements of compensatory afforestation in case of any diversion of forest land for any non-forest purpose.”
Why relevant

Explains the Forest Conservation Act, 1980 centralised control to stop clearing and required strict control of rights to use forest land.

How to extend

A student could treat this as a reminder that central statutes often limit local extraction rights; thus one should check whether the purported amendment conflicts with other central forest-conservation controls.

Statement 2
Does the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 classify bamboo as a "minor forest produce"?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 92: World Constitutions > 2019TEST PAPER > p. 756
Strength: 3/5
β€œUPSC Questions on Indian Polity (General Studies-Prelims 2013-2023) '757 β€’ 2. As per the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, bamboo is a minor forest produce. β€’ 3. The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 allows ownership of minor forest produce to forest dwellers. Which of the statements given above are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only β€’ The 44th Amendment to the Constitution of India introduced an Article placing the election of the Prime Minister beyond judicial review. β€’ The Supreme Court of India struck down the 99th Amendment to the Constitution of India as being violative of the independence of judiciary.”
Why relevant

This snippet records an exam question that explicitly states (as a proposition) that the Act treats bamboo as a minor forest produce β€” showing the claim exists in secondary sources and exam practice.

How to extend

A student could treat this as an example of the claim to be checked and then seek the Act's definitions or official lists to verify or refute it.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 10: Indian Forest > ro.3.2. The Scheduled Tribes And Other Traditional Forest llwellers (Recognition ofForest Rights) Act, 2006 > p. 165
Strength: 4/5
β€œro.3.2. The Scheduled Tribes And Other Traditional Forest Llwelvers (Recognition ofForest Rights) Act, 2006 β€’ The Forest Rights Act, 2006 provides for the restitution of deprived forest rights across India, including both individual rights to cultivated land in forestland and community rights over common property resources. β€’ The Act is significant as it provides scope and historic opportunity of integrating conservation and livelihood rights of the people.”
Why relevant

Summarises the Forest Rights Act as providing recognition of individual and community rights and community rights over common property resources (which typically include non-timber forest produce).

How to extend

Combine this with the standard definition that 'minor forest produce' = non-timber forest products to test whether bamboo would fall under rights conferred by the Act.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 10: Indian Forest > Salient Features > p. 166
Strength: 4/5
β€œβ€’ O Nodal Agency for the implementation is MoIA. β€’ r This Act is applicable for Tribal and Other Traditional Forest Dwelling Communities. β€’ r The Act provides for recognition of forest rights of other traditional forest dwellers provided they have, for at least three generations prior to 12.2005, primarily resided in and have depended on the forest or forest land for bonafide livelihood needs. A "generation" for this purpose would mean a period comprising of 15 years. β€’ The Act provides that no member of a forest dwelling Scheduled Tribe or other traditional forest dwellers shall be evicted or removed from forest land under his occupation till the recognition and verification procedure is completed.​‒”
Why relevant

States the Act applies to traditional forest-dwelling communities and emphasises livelihood dependence on forests β€” implying the Act covers resources used for livelihood (often classified as minor forest produce).

How to extend

Use this pattern to infer that if bamboo is a livelihood resource for forest dwellers (see other snippets), it is plausibly treated as a minor forest produce under the Act's scope.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 15: Regional Development and Planning > Economy > p. 33
Strength: 4/5
β€œThe Scheduled Tribes are essentially subsistence cultivators. Over 90% of them (Gonds, Bhils, Santhals, Mundas, Oraons, Nagas, Khasi, Mizo, etc.) are dependent on cultivation of crops. The tribes of Andaman and Nicobar are dependent on food-gathering and hunting. Most of the forest dwellers (Birhor, Mallar, Kharia, Kadar, Chenchu, etc.) gather various roots and tubers, fruits, honey; manufacture ropes from wild creepers, and keep their collection for personal use or exchange it with agricultural produce. They occasionally indulge in fishing and hunting. The Todas, inhabiting the Nilgiris are pastoral tribes subsisting on the products of buffaloes.”
Why relevant

Describes forest-dwelling communities gathering roots, tubers, fruits and manufacturing ropes from wild creepers β€” giving an operational example of 'minor forest produce' collection by tribes.

How to extend

A student could extend this example to ask whether bamboo, used similarly by communities (for ropes, mats, construction), fits the same category of collected forest produce.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 10: Indian Forest > 10.1.5. Tropical Dry deciduous forest > p. 161
Strength: 3/5
β€œDry deciduous forests are found throughout the northern part of the country except in the North-East. It is also found in Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. The canopy of the trees does not normally exceed fifteen metres. The common trees are the sal, a variety of acacia, and bamboo. All Rights Reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced in any form or by any means, \\'ithout Permission in writing. ffi”
Why relevant

Notes bamboo is a common tree in certain forest types, establishing bamboo as a widespread forest resource (not just timber), which is relevant to whether it is treated as a non-timber/minor forest produce.

How to extend

Combine this ecological fact with the Act's focus on livelihood resources to judge plausibility that bamboo could be included among minor forest produce covered by the Act β€” then check the Act/texts for an explicit definition.

Statement 3
Does the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 grant ownership of minor forest produce to forest dwellers?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 4/5
"Provided that, nothing in the above sub-section shall adversely affect the forest rights conferred on the forest dwelling Schedule Tribes and other traditional forest dwellers under the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 ... and the ownership rights of Gram Sabha over the minor forest-produce under the Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996."
Why this source?
  • Explicitly links the FRA to existing ownership rights over minor forest-produce, saying nothing shall adversely affect rights conferred under the FRA and the ownership rights of Gram Sabha over minor forest-produce.
  • Shows legal recognition/protection of forest-dweller rights in relation to minor forest produce in statutory text context.
Web source
Presence: 3/5
"Section 3 (1) (b) provides for β€œcommunity rights such as nistar, by whatever name called, including those used in erstwhile Princely States, Zamindari or such intermediary regimes”. Nistar rights secure such traditional access and entitlements over local forest resources"
Why this source?
  • Cites Section 3(1)(b) of the FRA providing for community rights (nistar) which secure traditional access and entitlements over local forest resources.
  • Connects FRA community rights to customary entitlements that include minor forest produce access/usage.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 (FRA) grants legal recognition to the rights of traditional forest dwelling communities... It gives recognition to thirteen sets of rights, which recognize and vest forest rights, accord tenurial security to individuals and communities"
Why this source?
  • States the FRA 'grants legal recognition to the rights of traditional forest dwelling communities' and 'gives recognition to thirteen sets of rights' that 'recognize and vest forest rights'.
  • Supports that FRA vests forest rights (which encompass access/entitlements to forest resources) in communities and individuals.

Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 92: World Constitutions > 2019TEST PAPER > p. 756
Strength: 4/5
β€œUPSC Questions on Indian Polity (General Studies-Prelims 2013-2023) '757 β€’ 2. As per the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, bamboo is a minor forest produce. β€’ 3. The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 allows ownership of minor forest produce to forest dwellers. Which of the statements given above are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only β€’ The 44th Amendment to the Constitution of India introduced an Article placing the election of the Prime Minister beyond judicial review. β€’ The Supreme Court of India struck down the 99th Amendment to the Constitution of India as being violative of the independence of judiciary.”
Why relevant

Contains a UPSC-style item that identifies bamboo as a 'minor forest produce' and explicitly asserts (as a test statement) that the Act 'allows ownership of minor forest produce to forest dwellers' β€” showing this claim is commonly linked to the Act in exam-question practice.

How to extend

A student could note this common association and therefore check the Act/text for clauses about 'minor forest produce' or exam answer keys to verify whether the claim is correct.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 10: Indian Forest > ro.3.2. The Scheduled Tribes And Other Traditional Forest llwellers (Recognition ofForest Rights) Act, 2006 > p. 165
Strength: 4/5
β€œro.3.2. The Scheduled Tribes And Other Traditional Forest Llwelvers (Recognition ofForest Rights) Act, 2006 β€’ The Forest Rights Act, 2006 provides for the restitution of deprived forest rights across India, including both individual rights to cultivated land in forestland and community rights over common property resources. β€’ The Act is significant as it provides scope and historic opportunity of integrating conservation and livelihood rights of the people.”
Why relevant

Summarises the Act as providing 'community rights over common property resources' and restitution of deprived forest rights β€” a general rule that the Act confers certain collective/resource rights to forest-dwelling communities.

How to extend

One could extend this by asking whether 'minor forest produce' is classified as a common property resource under the Act and thus whether community rights would imply ownership/management of MFP.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 10: Indian Forest > Salient Features > p. 166
Strength: 3/5
β€œβ€’ O Nodal Agency for the implementation is MoIA. β€’ r This Act is applicable for Tribal and Other Traditional Forest Dwelling Communities. β€’ r The Act provides for recognition of forest rights of other traditional forest dwellers provided they have, for at least three generations prior to 12.2005, primarily resided in and have depended on the forest or forest land for bonafide livelihood needs. A "generation" for this purpose would mean a period comprising of 15 years. β€’ The Act provides that no member of a forest dwelling Scheduled Tribe or other traditional forest dwellers shall be evicted or removed from forest land under his occupation till the recognition and verification procedure is completed.​‒”
Why relevant

Lists salient features: the Act recognises forest rights of traditional forest dwellers and protects them from eviction pending verification β€” indicating the law confers substantive forest-related rights to inhabitants.

How to extend

A student could combine this pattern (recognition of forest rights) with a look-up of the Act's schedule or clauses to see if 'minor forest produce' is among the recognised rights.

Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 92: World Constitutions > 2013 TEST PAPER > p. 746
Strength: 3/5
β€œIt issues guidelines for the State Legal Services Authorities to implement the legal programs and schemes throughout the country. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 8. Under the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, who shall be the authority to initiate the process for determining the nature and extent of individual or community forest rights or both? (a) State Forest Department (b) District Collector/Deputy Commissioner (c) Tahsildar/Block Development Officer/Mandal Revenue Officer (d) Gram Sabha 9.”
Why relevant

Notes that the Gram Sabha is the authority to initiate the process for determining individual or community forest rights under the Act β€” pointing to local/collective governance over recognised rights.

How to extend

Use this to infer that if MFP ownership is part of recognised community rights, the Gram Sabha would be the body to claim/verify that right β€” prompting verification in official rules or schedules.

INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation > Forests and Life > p. 46
Strength: 2/5
β€œRather than treating tribals as minor forest produce collectors they should be made growers of minor forest produce and encouraged to participate in conservation. Based on the forest conservation policy the following steps were initiated:”
Why relevant

Makes a policy point: tribals should be treated as 'growers' of minor forest produce rather than mere collectors, implying policy-level linkage between forest dwellers and MFP cultivation/entitlement.

How to extend

A student could use this to reason that policy intent favours giving more secure rights (potentially including ownership) over MFP to forest communities and therefore check statutory language to confirm the extent of rights granted.

Pattern takeaway: UPSC loves 'Scope Swapping'. They took a valid legal change (Bamboo reclassification) and swapped the scope (Non-forest -> Forest areas). Always verify the jurisdiction of a new rule.
How you should have studied
  1. [THE VERDICT]: Trap (Nuance-based). The amendment removed bamboo from the definition of a 'tree' only in non-forest areas; Statement 1 applies it to forest areas, which is false.
  2. [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: Environmental Legislation & Rights. Specifically, the intersection of the Indian Forest Act (1927) and the Forest Rights Act (2006).
  3. [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: 1. Definition of MFP in FRA (includes bamboo, brushwood, stumps, cane, tussar, cocoons, honey, wax, lac, tendu leaves). 2. PESA Act 1996 (Gram Sabha ownership of MFP). 3. National Bamboo Mission (restructured in 2018). 4. Difference between 'Transit Permit' (IFA 1927) and 'Community Forest Resource' rights (FRA). 5. TRIFED's 'MSP for MFP' scheme.
  4. [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: When a law changes (e.g., Bamboo is no longer a tree), ask: 'Where does this apply?' and 'Does it override existing conservation laws?' The amendment was to help farmers on private land, not to deregulate Reserved Forests.
Concept hooks from this question
πŸ“Œ Adjacent topic to master
S1
πŸ‘‰ Forest Rights Act, 2006 β€” recognition and restitution of forest rights
πŸ’‘ The insight

The 2006 law provides for restitution of deprived forest rights, including individual and community rights over common property resources in forest areas.

High-yield for UPSC: many questions test the distinction between traditional forest-dweller rights and classic forest regulation. Mastering this explains how land/produce entitlements are legally recognised and connects to topics on tribal rights, environment law, and livelihood security.

πŸ“š Reading List :
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 10: Indian Forest > ro.3.2. The Scheduled Tribes And Other Traditional Forest llwellers (Recognition ofForest Rights) Act, 2006 > p. 165
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 10: Indian Forest > Salient Features > p. 166
πŸ”— Anchor: "Does the recent amendment to the Indian Forest Act, 1927 grant forest dwellers t..."
πŸ“Œ Adjacent topic to master
S1
πŸ‘‰ Indian Forest Act, 1927 as the older statutory framework
πŸ’‘ The insight

The 1927 Act is a historical forest statute that classified forests and restricted villagers' access, forming the backdrop against which later rights-legislation evolved.

Important to distinguish source statutes: questions often require knowing which rights come from colonial-era forest law versus later reforms. This helps answer queries on legal hierarchy, amendments, and conflicts between conservation and community rights.

πŸ“š Reading List :
  • India and the Contemporary World - I. History-Class IX . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 4: Forest Society and Colonialism > Fig.9 – One aisle of a managed poplar forest in Tuscany, Italy. > p. 84
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 10: Indian Forest > ro.3.2. The Scheduled Tribes And Other Traditional Forest llwellers (Recognition ofForest Rights) Act, 2006 > p. 165
πŸ”— Anchor: "Does the recent amendment to the Indian Forest Act, 1927 grant forest dwellers t..."
πŸ“Œ Adjacent topic to master
S1
πŸ‘‰ Role of local institutions (Gram Sabha) in forest-rights recognition
πŸ’‘ The insight

Local self-governing bodies are given a role in managing resources and in processes related to forest-rights recognition for Adivasi/forest-dwelling communities.

Gram Sabha's role is repeatedly tested in governance and polity sections; it links rural/local governance, tribal policy, and implementation of environmental statutesβ€”useful for questions on decentralisation and rights adjudication.

πŸ“š Reading List :
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 10: Indian Forest > Salient Features > p. 166
  • Indian Constitution at Work, Political Science Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 8: LOCAL GOVERNMENTS > Some subjects listed in the eleventh schedule > p. 186
πŸ”— Anchor: "Does the recent amendment to the Indian Forest Act, 1927 grant forest dwellers t..."
πŸ“Œ Adjacent topic to master
S2
πŸ‘‰ Forest Rights Act, 2006 β€” scope of recognition for forest-dwelling communities
πŸ’‘ The insight

FRA 2006 governs recognition of individual and community forest rights and the restitution of deprived forest rights for traditional forest dwellers.

High-yield for UPSC as it links tribal policy, land tenure and environmental governance; mastering it helps answer questions on rights, eviction, community resources and interplay between central/state agencies.

πŸ“š Reading List :
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 10: Indian Forest > ro.3.2. The Scheduled Tribes And Other Traditional Forest llwellers (Recognition ofForest Rights) Act, 2006 > p. 165
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 10: Indian Forest > Salient Features > p. 166
  • Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 92: World Constitutions > 2013 TEST PAPER > p. 746
πŸ”— Anchor: "Does the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of ..."
πŸ“Œ Adjacent topic to master
S2
πŸ‘‰ Minor Forest Produce (MFP) β€” role in tribal livelihoods
πŸ’‘ The insight

Minor forest produce denotes non-timber forest items that tribal and forest-dwelling communities collect and depend upon for livelihood.

Important for questions on forest economics, tribal welfare and conservation policy; understanding MFP helps evaluate ownership, sustainable harvesting and livelihood schemes.

πŸ“š Reading List :
  • INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation > Forests and Life > p. 46
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 15: Regional Development and Planning > Economy > p. 33
πŸ”— Anchor: "Does the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of ..."
πŸ“Œ Adjacent topic to master
S2
πŸ‘‰ Forest classification and local access rights (Reserved/Protected/Unclassed)
πŸ’‘ The insight

Forest categories determine rules for public entry and collection of timber, fuelwood and other forest produce, affecting local access and claims.

Frequently tested in prelims and mains on environment and governance; links to conservation policy, resource access, and rights under laws like FRA.

πŸ“š Reading List :
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and National Parks > CLASSIFICATION OF FORESTS > p. 11
  • NCERT. (2022). Contemporary India II: Textbook in Geography for Class X (Revised ed.). NCERT. > Chapter 2: Nationalism in India > Flora and Fauna in India > p. 31
πŸ”— Anchor: "Does the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of ..."
πŸ“Œ Adjacent topic to master
S3
πŸ‘‰ FRA 2006: Individual and Community Forest Rights
πŸ’‘ The insight

The Act provides for recognition of individual rights to cultivated land in forestland and community rights over common property resources.

High-yield topic for UPSC questions on tribal welfare, land tenure and forest governance; links legal recognition of rights to livelihood security and conservation policy. Mastering this helps answer questions on statutory provisions, implementation modalities and conflicts between forest departments and forest communities.

πŸ“š Reading List :
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 10: Indian Forest > ro.3.2. The Scheduled Tribes And Other Traditional Forest llwellers (Recognition ofForest Rights) Act, 2006 > p. 165
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 10: Indian Forest > Salient Features > p. 166
πŸ”— Anchor: "Does the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of ..."
πŸŒ‘ The Hidden Trap

The PESA Act, 1996. While FRA gives ownership rights to forest dwellers generally, PESA specifically empowers the Gram Sabha in Scheduled Areas to manage and own Minor Forest Produce. Expect a question comparing Gram Sabha powers under FRA vs. PESA.

⚑ Elimination Cheat Code

Apply the 'State Control Logic'. Statement 1 suggests the government allowed felling of bamboo in 'forest areas' via a simple amendment. In India, 'Forest Areas' are tightly controlled by the Forest Conservation Act, 1980. The State rarely gives up control over timber/biomass inside forests so easily. Deregulation is almost always for private/revenue land. This makes Statement 1 highly suspicious.

πŸ”— Mains Connection

Economy (Agriculture & Livelihood). The bamboo amendment wasn't just environmental; it was an economic move to double farmers' income by encouraging bamboo agroforestry (Green Gold). Link this to the National Bamboo Mission and ethanol blending targets.

βœ“ Thank you! We'll review this.

SIMILAR QUESTIONS

CDS-I Β· 2016 Β· Q86 Relevance score: 2.71

Which of the following statements relating to the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 are correct ? 1. The Act recognizes forest rights of forest dwelling Scheduled Tribes who have been occupying the forest land before October 25, 1980 2. The onus of implementation of the Act lies at the level of the State / UT Governments 3. The Act seeks to recognize and vest certain forest rights in the forest dwelling Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest dwellers Select the correct answer using the code given below:

IAS Β· 2018 Β· Q98 Relevance score: 1.58

Consider the following statements : 1. The definition of "Critical Wildlife Habitat" is incorporated in the Forest Rights Act, 2006. 2. For the first time in India, Baigas have been given Habitat Rights. 3. Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change officially decides and declares Habitat Rights for Primitive and Vulnerable Tribal Groups in any part of India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

CDS-I Β· 2024 Β· Q68 Relevance score: 1.49

Consider the following statements about the Mauryan State and the forest people: 1. The forest people were subjected to new forms of political and economic dominance and the necessity to subordinate and assimilate them led to a change in the earlier attitude of excluding these people from imperial territory. 2. The State recognised that the forest produce was the sole monopoly of the forest people. 3. The State was concerned with the conservation of forests and to this end the burning of forests was prohibited. 4. The forest people could be harnessed to serve the State and could be used as troops, spies and assassins. How many of the above statements is/are correct?