Question map
Consider the following statements : 1. As per recent amendment to the Indian Forest Act, 1927, forest dwellers have the right to fell the bamboos grown on forest areas. 2. As per the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, bamboo is a minor forest produce. 3. The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 allows ownership of minor forest produce to forest dwellers. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Explanation
The correct answer is option B (statements 2 and 3 only).
The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 (FRA) grants legal recognition to the rights of traditional forest dwelling communities and recognizes thirteen sets of rights that vest forest rights and accord tenurial security to individuals and communities[1]. The Act protects ownership rights of Gram Sabha over minor forest-produce[3], making statement 3 correct. Statement 2 is also correct as the FRA classifies bamboo as minor forest produce. However, statement 1 is incorrect because the amendment to the Indian Forest Act, 1927 did not grant forest dwellers the right to fell bamboo from forest areas. The amendment related to bamboo actually declassified bamboo grown in non-forest areas, removing it from the definition of "tree" under the Act, thereby allowing its cultivation and use in non-forest lands without requiring permits. The FRA provides for community rights such as nistar, which secure traditional access and entitlements over local forest resources[5], but felling rights in forest areas remain regulated.
Sources- [1] https://meghsja.gov.in/sites/default/files/Reading-Materials/FAQs%20-%20Community%20Rights%20under%20FRA.pdf
- [2] https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/19313/1/the_indian_forest_act%2C_1927.pdf
- [3] https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/19313/1/the_indian_forest_act%2C_1927.pdf
- [4] https://meghsja.gov.in/sites/default/files/Reading-Materials/FAQs%20-%20Community%20Rights%20under%20FRA.pdf
- [5] https://meghsja.gov.in/sites/default/files/Reading-Materials/FAQs%20-%20Community%20Rights%20under%20FRA.pdf
PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
Full viewThis question is a classic 'Current Affairs Trap'. The 2017 amendment regarding bamboo was major news, but the trap lay in the specific geography (forest vs. non-forest areas). You cannot rely solely on headlines; you must read the 'fine print' of legal amendments.
This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.
- Statement 1: Does the recent amendment to the Indian Forest Act, 1927 grant forest dwellers the right to fell bamboo grown in forest areas?
- Statement 2: Does the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 classify bamboo as a "minor forest produce"?
- Statement 3: Does the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 grant ownership of minor forest produce to forest dwellers?
States that under the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, bamboo is classified as a 'minor forest produce' and the Act allows ownership of minor forest produce to forest dwellers.
A student could use this to argue that if FRA 2006 already recognises ownership of bamboo as minor forest produce, any amendment to the Indian Forest Act would need to be understood in relation to FRA's pre-existing rights.
Explains the Forest Rights Act, 2006 provides restitution of individual and community forest rights, including community rights over common property resources.
One could check whether rights to fell bamboo would be encompassed under 'community rights' and compare which law (FRA 2006 vs Indian Forest Act 1927) governs such rights.
Details who the Forest Rights Act applies to and that it prevents eviction of forest-dwelling STs/communities until recognition/verification is completed.
A student might infer that any change allowing felling of bamboo would interact with FRA processes and protections for dwellers, so one should verify whether the amendment overrides, complements, or conflicts with FRA provisions.
Describes historical Forest Acts (1865, 1878, 1927) and notes that earlier laws created 'reserved forests' from which villagers could not take anything.
Use this historical pattern to consider that the 1927 Act traditionally restricted local rights, so an amendment claiming to grant new rights would be a notable departure requiring explicit text or policy change.
Explains the Forest Conservation Act, 1980 centralised control to stop clearing and required strict control of rights to use forest land.
A student could treat this as a reminder that central statutes often limit local extraction rights; thus one should check whether the purported amendment conflicts with other central forest-conservation controls.
This snippet records an exam question that explicitly states (as a proposition) that the Act treats bamboo as a minor forest produce β showing the claim exists in secondary sources and exam practice.
A student could treat this as an example of the claim to be checked and then seek the Act's definitions or official lists to verify or refute it.
Summarises the Forest Rights Act as providing recognition of individual and community rights and community rights over common property resources (which typically include non-timber forest produce).
Combine this with the standard definition that 'minor forest produce' = non-timber forest products to test whether bamboo would fall under rights conferred by the Act.
States the Act applies to traditional forest-dwelling communities and emphasises livelihood dependence on forests β implying the Act covers resources used for livelihood (often classified as minor forest produce).
Use this pattern to infer that if bamboo is a livelihood resource for forest dwellers (see other snippets), it is plausibly treated as a minor forest produce under the Act's scope.
Describes forest-dwelling communities gathering roots, tubers, fruits and manufacturing ropes from wild creepers β giving an operational example of 'minor forest produce' collection by tribes.
A student could extend this example to ask whether bamboo, used similarly by communities (for ropes, mats, construction), fits the same category of collected forest produce.
Notes bamboo is a common tree in certain forest types, establishing bamboo as a widespread forest resource (not just timber), which is relevant to whether it is treated as a non-timber/minor forest produce.
Combine this ecological fact with the Act's focus on livelihood resources to judge plausibility that bamboo could be included among minor forest produce covered by the Act β then check the Act/texts for an explicit definition.
- Explicitly links the FRA to existing ownership rights over minor forest-produce, saying nothing shall adversely affect rights conferred under the FRA and the ownership rights of Gram Sabha over minor forest-produce.
- Shows legal recognition/protection of forest-dweller rights in relation to minor forest produce in statutory text context.
- Cites Section 3(1)(b) of the FRA providing for community rights (nistar) which secure traditional access and entitlements over local forest resources.
- Connects FRA community rights to customary entitlements that include minor forest produce access/usage.
- States the FRA 'grants legal recognition to the rights of traditional forest dwelling communities' and 'gives recognition to thirteen sets of rights' that 'recognize and vest forest rights'.
- Supports that FRA vests forest rights (which encompass access/entitlements to forest resources) in communities and individuals.
Contains a UPSC-style item that identifies bamboo as a 'minor forest produce' and explicitly asserts (as a test statement) that the Act 'allows ownership of minor forest produce to forest dwellers' β showing this claim is commonly linked to the Act in exam-question practice.
A student could note this common association and therefore check the Act/text for clauses about 'minor forest produce' or exam answer keys to verify whether the claim is correct.
Summarises the Act as providing 'community rights over common property resources' and restitution of deprived forest rights β a general rule that the Act confers certain collective/resource rights to forest-dwelling communities.
One could extend this by asking whether 'minor forest produce' is classified as a common property resource under the Act and thus whether community rights would imply ownership/management of MFP.
Lists salient features: the Act recognises forest rights of traditional forest dwellers and protects them from eviction pending verification β indicating the law confers substantive forest-related rights to inhabitants.
A student could combine this pattern (recognition of forest rights) with a look-up of the Act's schedule or clauses to see if 'minor forest produce' is among the recognised rights.
Notes that the Gram Sabha is the authority to initiate the process for determining individual or community forest rights under the Act β pointing to local/collective governance over recognised rights.
Use this to infer that if MFP ownership is part of recognised community rights, the Gram Sabha would be the body to claim/verify that right β prompting verification in official rules or schedules.
Makes a policy point: tribals should be treated as 'growers' of minor forest produce rather than mere collectors, implying policy-level linkage between forest dwellers and MFP cultivation/entitlement.
A student could use this to reason that policy intent favours giving more secure rights (potentially including ownership) over MFP to forest communities and therefore check statutory language to confirm the extent of rights granted.
- [THE VERDICT]: Trap (Nuance-based). The amendment removed bamboo from the definition of a 'tree' only in non-forest areas; Statement 1 applies it to forest areas, which is false.
- [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: Environmental Legislation & Rights. Specifically, the intersection of the Indian Forest Act (1927) and the Forest Rights Act (2006).
- [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: 1. Definition of MFP in FRA (includes bamboo, brushwood, stumps, cane, tussar, cocoons, honey, wax, lac, tendu leaves). 2. PESA Act 1996 (Gram Sabha ownership of MFP). 3. National Bamboo Mission (restructured in 2018). 4. Difference between 'Transit Permit' (IFA 1927) and 'Community Forest Resource' rights (FRA). 5. TRIFED's 'MSP for MFP' scheme.
- [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: When a law changes (e.g., Bamboo is no longer a tree), ask: 'Where does this apply?' and 'Does it override existing conservation laws?' The amendment was to help farmers on private land, not to deregulate Reserved Forests.
The 2006 law provides for restitution of deprived forest rights, including individual and community rights over common property resources in forest areas.
High-yield for UPSC: many questions test the distinction between traditional forest-dweller rights and classic forest regulation. Mastering this explains how land/produce entitlements are legally recognised and connects to topics on tribal rights, environment law, and livelihood security.
- Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 10: Indian Forest > ro.3.2. The Scheduled Tribes And Other Traditional Forest llwellers (Recognition ofForest Rights) Act, 2006 > p. 165
- Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 10: Indian Forest > Salient Features > p. 166
The 1927 Act is a historical forest statute that classified forests and restricted villagers' access, forming the backdrop against which later rights-legislation evolved.
Important to distinguish source statutes: questions often require knowing which rights come from colonial-era forest law versus later reforms. This helps answer queries on legal hierarchy, amendments, and conflicts between conservation and community rights.
- India and the Contemporary World - I. History-Class IX . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 4: Forest Society and Colonialism > Fig.9 β One aisle of a managed poplar forest in Tuscany, Italy. > p. 84
- Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 10: Indian Forest > ro.3.2. The Scheduled Tribes And Other Traditional Forest llwellers (Recognition ofForest Rights) Act, 2006 > p. 165
Local self-governing bodies are given a role in managing resources and in processes related to forest-rights recognition for Adivasi/forest-dwelling communities.
Gram Sabha's role is repeatedly tested in governance and polity sections; it links rural/local governance, tribal policy, and implementation of environmental statutesβuseful for questions on decentralisation and rights adjudication.
- Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 10: Indian Forest > Salient Features > p. 166
- Indian Constitution at Work, Political Science Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 8: LOCAL GOVERNMENTS > Some subjects listed in the eleventh schedule > p. 186
FRA 2006 governs recognition of individual and community forest rights and the restitution of deprived forest rights for traditional forest dwellers.
High-yield for UPSC as it links tribal policy, land tenure and environmental governance; mastering it helps answer questions on rights, eviction, community resources and interplay between central/state agencies.
- Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 10: Indian Forest > ro.3.2. The Scheduled Tribes And Other Traditional Forest llwellers (Recognition ofForest Rights) Act, 2006 > p. 165
- Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 10: Indian Forest > Salient Features > p. 166
- Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 92: World Constitutions > 2013 TEST PAPER > p. 746
Minor forest produce denotes non-timber forest items that tribal and forest-dwelling communities collect and depend upon for livelihood.
Important for questions on forest economics, tribal welfare and conservation policy; understanding MFP helps evaluate ownership, sustainable harvesting and livelihood schemes.
- INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation > Forests and Life > p. 46
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 15: Regional Development and Planning > Economy > p. 33
Forest categories determine rules for public entry and collection of timber, fuelwood and other forest produce, affecting local access and claims.
Frequently tested in prelims and mains on environment and governance; links to conservation policy, resource access, and rights under laws like FRA.
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and National Parks > CLASSIFICATION OF FORESTS > p. 11
- NCERT. (2022). Contemporary India II: Textbook in Geography for Class X (Revised ed.). NCERT. > Chapter 2: Nationalism in India > Flora and Fauna in India > p. 31
The Act provides for recognition of individual rights to cultivated land in forestland and community rights over common property resources.
High-yield topic for UPSC questions on tribal welfare, land tenure and forest governance; links legal recognition of rights to livelihood security and conservation policy. Mastering this helps answer questions on statutory provisions, implementation modalities and conflicts between forest departments and forest communities.
- Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 10: Indian Forest > ro.3.2. The Scheduled Tribes And Other Traditional Forest llwellers (Recognition ofForest Rights) Act, 2006 > p. 165
- Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 10: Indian Forest > Salient Features > p. 166
The PESA Act, 1996. While FRA gives ownership rights to forest dwellers generally, PESA specifically empowers the Gram Sabha in Scheduled Areas to manage and own Minor Forest Produce. Expect a question comparing Gram Sabha powers under FRA vs. PESA.
Apply the 'State Control Logic'. Statement 1 suggests the government allowed felling of bamboo in 'forest areas' via a simple amendment. In India, 'Forest Areas' are tightly controlled by the Forest Conservation Act, 1980. The State rarely gives up control over timber/biomass inside forests so easily. Deregulation is almost always for private/revenue land. This makes Statement 1 highly suspicious.
Economy (Agriculture & Livelihood). The bamboo amendment wasn't just environmental; it was an economic move to double farmers' income by encouraging bamboo agroforestry (Green Gold). Link this to the National Bamboo Mission and ethanol blending targets.